HISTORY

OF THE

Settlement of Apper Canada,

(ONTARIO,)

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

THE BAY QUINTE.

BY

WM. CANNIFF, MLD., M.R.CS.E.,

PROFESSOR OF SURGERY UNIVERSITY VICTORIA COLLEGE, AUTHOR OF THR

PRINCIPLES OF SURGERY.’’

TORONTO: DUDLEY & BURNS, PRINTERS, VICTORIA HALL, 1869.

254987 .

TO THE HONORABLE

SIR JOHN ALEXANDER MACDONALD, K.C.B.,3D.C.L., M.P.,

PREMIER OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA,

THIS VOLUME IS BY PERMISSION RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, A8

A RECOGNITION OF HIS ABILITIES AS A CANADIAN STATESMAN, AND AS A TRIBUTE TO A LONG STANDING INHABITANT OF BAY QUINTE, WHO HAS GIVEN HIS TALENTS AND ENERGIES TO LAY A SURE FOUNDATION FOR

‘64 GREAT NORTHERN NATION.”

BY HIS RESPECTFUL ADMIRER,

WILLIAM CANNIFF,

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PREFACE.

In the year 1861 a meeting was convened at the Education Office, Toronto, with the view of establishing an Historical Society for Upper Canada. The writer, as an Upper Canadian by birth, and deeply interested in his country with respect to the past as well as the future, was present. The result of that meeting was the appointment of a Committee to frame a Constitution and By-Laws, and take the necessary steps to organize the proposed Society, and to report three weeks thereafter | The Committee consisted of the Hon. Mr. Merritt, Rev. Dr.

Ryerson, Col. Jarvis, Mr. Devtrassi, Mr. Merritt, J. J. Hodgins, Dr. Canniff and Mr. Coventry. For reasons unknown to the writer, this Committee never even met. The following year the writer received a printed circular respecting an “ Historical Society of Upper Canada” which had been established at St. Catharines, of which Col. John Clarke, of Port Dalhousie, was President; Hon. Wn. H. Merritt, Vice-President, and George Coventry. of Cobourg, Secretary.

“ HONORARY MEMBERS.”

“Chief Justice Sir John Beverley Rob- Henry Ruttan, Esq., Cobourg,

inson, Bart., The Venerable Lord Bishop of Toronto, Colonel Jarvis, Toronto, Alfio DeGrassi, Esq., Zoronto, Doctor Canniff, “ J.P. Merritt, St. Catharines, Henry Eccles, Esq., Q.C., Thomas C. Keefer, Esq., York: :dle, William H. Kittson, Esq., Hamilton, Hon. George 8. Boulton, Cobourg,

David, Burn, Esq,, Cobourg.”

At the request of this Society the writer undertook to prepare a Paper upon the Settlement of the Bay Quinté, Having been induced to take up his abode for a time at Belleville, near which he was born, the writer availed himself of every opportunity he could

vi PREFAOE,

create while engaged in his professional duties, during a period of five years, to collect facts pertaining to the subject. After some months of labor, he was advised by friends, in whose judgment he had confidence, to write a History of the Bay Quinté, for publication. Acting upon this advice, he continued, with increased energy, to collect and elaborate material. In carrying out this object, he not only visited different. sections of the country and many indivi- duals, but consulted the libraries at Toronto and Ottawa, as well as availed himself of the private libraries of kind friends, especially Canniff Haight, Esq., of Picton. As the writer proceeded in his work, he found the subject assuming more extended proportions than he had anticipated. He found that, to write an account of the Settlement of the Bay Quinté, was to pen a history of the settlement of the Province. Finally, he has been induced to desig- nate the work “A History of the Settlement of Upper Canada.”

The labor, time and thought which has been given to the subject need not to be dwelt upon. Every effort has been made, consistent with professional duties, upon which the writer’s family is dependent, to sift a mass of promiscuous material which has come under investigation, so that grains of truth alone might fill the measure which this volume represents.

Various sources of information have been duly indicated in the text; but there are a large number of individuals, from whom information has been obtained, whose names could not be recalled.

This work has been one of love as well as labor; yet time and again the writer would have relinquished it had it not been for the words of encouragement, volunteered by his friends.

The writer has explained the cause of his writing this volume. He now. presents it to the reader—to Canadians—to the world. He loves his country so well, that he regrets.an abler pen had. not undertaken the task, that justice might be more fully done to the worthy. SE alt Gee af ee

Fault.may,be found lade: of, sanahiat ity earnest pm

against, the attitude assumed, by the, United, States :.the comments

PREFACE, vii

malo in respect to their history: the contrast drawn upon the subject of Lirserty and Freepom. The writer offers no excuse. He has endeavored to adhere to truth. It is true these pages have been written during a period of great irritation to Canadians, from the hostile and aggressive spirit which the United States have dis- played towards us; but a record has been made which, it is trusted, will stand the test of the closest examination,

As to the work, apart from its historical character, no remark is offered, except that the writer is perfectly conscious of errors and imperfections. Time has not been allowed to polish; and while the pages have been going through the press, other necessary duties have prevented that close and undivided attention which the work demanded, But subscribers to the volume were urgent in their requests to have the work without further delay, The reader is referred to a page of Errata.

A concluding chapter it has been found necessary to omit, in consequence of the size already attained. In this it was intended to discuss the future prospects of the Dominion, The writer has unbounded faith in the Confederation scheme. Before this scheme was initiated, the writer, in a lecture delivered to a Toronto audience, uttered these words. Pointing out the elements which constitute the fabric of a great nation, he remarked that he “loved to contemplate the future, when all the British American Provinces would be consolidated into a grand whole; when, from the summit of the Rocky Mountains, would be seen—to the East along the magnificent lakes and river to the Atlantic, and down the western slopes to the Pacific—the ceaseless industry of the Canadian beaver, and the evergreen Maple Leaf overshadowing the peaceful homes of Canada,” ‘The prospects now are far brighter than whéh ‘those ‘words’ were kpoken ;’ and ‘notiwithstanding ‘the obstaclés—an unpatriotic company of Englishmen, the unscrupulous designs of covetous Americans, and the apathy of the British Gov- “erntiont—the belief is’ broad ‘and’ strong ‘that’ thé dréam ‘of the future will be realized. There is life in thé tree whose: ‘seed “was

viii PREFACE,

planted eighty years ago, and as it has in the past continued to grow, so it willin the future,

In concluding these prefatory remarks, wo desire to tender our thanks to all who have assisted us directly or indirectly, by sup- plying information, and by encouraging words. Particularly we thank those gentlemen who gave their names as subscribers, some of them voluntarily, years ago, before the work was fairly com- menced ; also the Hon, Lewis Wallbridge, for procuring for us, when Speaker, copies of manuscript in the Parliamentary Library, at Ottawa,

Finally, we express ‘our obligations to the Publishers and Printers.

Toronto, 27th March, 1869. [Copy Right secured,

CONTENTS.

A SKETCH OF FRANCO-CANADIAN HISTORY,

CHAPTER I.

PAGE ntiquarianism—Records of the Early Nations—Tradition—The Press— The Eastern World—The Western World—Importance of History— Columbus—Colonization—Canada—A merica— Cartier—French Cana- dian writers—Cartier’s first visit—Huguenots—Cartier’s second visit— Jean Francois—Sir George 1), Cartier—Establishment of the Fur Trade —Champlain—Discovery of Lake Ontario—Bay of Quinté—Quebec founded—First fighting with Indians—First taking of Quebec by the British—Returned to France—The Recollets and Jesuits—Death of Champlain—Foundation of Montreal—Emigration from France—The Carignan Regiment—DeCourcelle—Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario—Frontenac—Fort at Cataraqui—La Salle—Fort at Niagara— First vessel upon the Lakes—Its fate—Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper Canada—Founder of Louisiana—Discoverer of the

mouth of the Mississippi,....... eeeeaneeees eoeeee

eee ee ee) 1

CHAPTER II.

taraqui Fort strengthened—Kente Indians seized and carried captive to France—Massacre of Lachine—Commencing struggle between New England and New France—Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps—De- struction of Fort Cataraqui—Its re-erection—Treaty .of Ryswick— Death of Frontenac—Iroquois in England—Another attempt to cap- ture Quebec—Decline of French power—Population of Canada and of New England—Continuation of the contest for the fur trade——Taking of Fort Louisburg—Col, Washington, dishonorable conduct—Inconsis- tency of Dr. Franklin—Commencement of seven years’ war—Close of first year—Montcalm—His presentiment—Taking of Fort Oswego— Of Fort William Henry—Fearful massacre—The state of Canada— Wolfe appears—Taking of Frontenac—Duquesne—Apathy of France —The Spring of 1759—Reduced state of Canada—Overthrow of French power in America—The result—Union of elements—The capture of Quebec—Wolfe-—Death of Montcalm—Fort Niagara—Johnson—Effort to retake Quebec—Wreck of the French army—Capitulation at Mon- treal—Population—The first British Governor of Canada—The Cana- dians as British subjects--The result of French enterprise—Rebellion 16

CONTENTS. DIVISION I.

THR REBELLION OF 1776—THE THIRTEEN COLONIES.

CHAPTER III.

First Amcrican rebellion—Independence—Traitors made herocs —Loyalists

driven away to found another colony—The responsibility of rebelling —Treatment, of the Loyalists—The several colonies—The first Eng- lishman in America—Recoives £10—English colonization—Virginia — Convicts-- Extent, of Virginia—- First Governor— Virginians not willing to rebel—Quota supplied to the rebel army—New York— Hudson—The Dutch--New Netherlands—Price of New Amsterdam (New York)—First Legislative Assembly—Not quick to rebel—Quota of rebel troops—Gave many settlers to Upper Canada—New Jersey— Its settlement—A battle ground—Gave rebel troops; also loyal troops —Furnished settlers to Upper ( Janada—Massachusetts—Captain Smith —New England Puritans—The “ Mayflower ”—First Governor—Cruel treatment of Indians—Massachusetts takes the. lead in rebelling— Troops—Loyalists—New ITampshire—Troops—Delaware—Settlement —Quot« of rebel troops—Connecticut— Education— Troops—Roman Catholics—Toleration—Rhode Island—Providence—Inconsistency of the Puritans—Roger Williams—North Carolina—Inhabitants—South Carolina—Many Loyalists— Pennsylvania—- William Penn—Conduct toward “Indians—The pe ople opposed. to rebellion—Georgia—Ogle- thorpe—Policy of New England—New England.,.,....ssseveseeses

?

, CHAPTER IV.

American writers--Sabtne—Loyalists had no time to waste—Independence

not sought at first—Adams—Franklin—Jay—-Jefferson—Washington —Madison—The British Government—Ingratitude of the Colonists— Taxation—Smugglers—Crown officers—Persistence—Superciliousness Contest between Old England and New England ...... pecsce seve is

- CHAPTER V.

The signers of the: Declaration of Independence—Their nativity—Injus-

tice of American: writers for 80 ‘years—Cast back mis-statements—The Whigs hadi been U. E Loyatists—Hancock—Office-seekers—Malcon- tents stir up sttife——What the fathers of the Republic fought for— Rebel committees-—Black mail—Otis, John Adams, ‘Wairen, Washing- ton; Henry; Franklin—What caused them to rebel What the American revolutionary: heroes actually were—Cruelty, during and after the war

—No Freedom—The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the’

loyalists-—The 'Cohsequence-“Motives of the loyalists—False charges

—~Conscientious Conservatives—Rebellion not warranted—Attachment_

to the ‘old flag—Loyalists driven away—<Suppressio veri—Want of noble spiriti towards'the ! South—Hffeets—Comparison ‘between loyalists and

pirimuaaentirainntral ys ie: rai neutral—The professions eae Eoiec4

CHAPTER VI.

Republicanism—The lesson of the first rebellion—The late civil war—The

io e

Loyalists ; their, losses, and:hardships-+-Ignored, by Americans—Unre- cordgd—Th eworld ke pose ignorance—American glory—Englishmen —Dueston of, Goloni ; treatment—The, reason why (Great) Britain

failed | to. Cr ry e_the, rehe ion—Character.of the ' rebel, bravery——The. great resu Li

berty in England, and United: States icontrasted—_..

PAGS

32

41

CONTENTS. xl

PAGH Slavery--The result to U. E. Loyalists— Burgoyne— Mobocracy— Treatment from “Sons of Liberty ”"—Old men, women and children— Instances of cruelty—Brutality—Rapacity—Torture—T he lower classes —‘ Swamp Law”—Fiendish cruelty—Worse than Butlers Rangers— Seward and the Fenians —Infamous falsification—Close of the war— Recognition of independence by Great Britain—Crushed hopes of the Loyalists-- In New ‘York—~ Their conduct— Evacuation day— The position of the Loyalists—Confiscation—“ Attainting "—Seizing Estates —Paine—Commissioners at Paris—British Ministry—Loyalists’ petition —King’:; speech—Division of claimants—Six classes—The number— Tardy justice—Noble conduct of South Carolina—Impostors—Loyal- ists in, Lower Canada—Proclamation—The soldiers’ families—Journey- ings—Meeting of families,.... ihre Me Wares t TU Ie bee EF ES 52

CHAPTER VII,

A spirit of strife—The French war—British American, troops—Former comrades opposed—Number of U, E. Loyalists in the field—General Burgoyne—Defeat—First reverse of British arms—The campaign— Colonel St. Leger—Fort Stanwix—Colonel Baume—Battle of Ben- nington—General Herkimer—Gates—Schuyler—Braemar Heights— Saratoga—Surrender—The result upon the people—Sir John Johnson —Sir William— Sketch—lIndian Chief—Laced coat—Indian’s dream— It comes to pass—Sir William. dreams—It also comes to pass—-Too hard a dream—tir John— Attempt to arrest— Escape—Starving—~ Royal greens—Johuson’s losses—Living in Canada—Death—Principal Corps of Royalists—Xing’s Rangers—Queen’s Rangers—Major Rogers —Sinicoe—The Rangers in Upper Canada—Disbanded—The Hessians. 63

CHAPTER: VII.

Indian names— The Five Tribes— The Sixth—- Confederation—Govern- ment— Sub-divisions— Origin— Hendrick —'Death—— Brant— Birth— Education—Married—Teaching—Christianity—Brant elected Chief— Commissioned a British Captain-——-Visits.England—Returns—Leads his warriors to battle—Efforts of Rebels to seduce Brant to their cause— Attempted treachery of the Rebel, Herkimer—Border. warfare—W yom- ing—Attempt to blacken the character of Brant—His noble conduct Untruthful American, History—The inhabitants of Wyoming—The Rebels first to blame—Cherry, Valley-~Van Schaick-—-Bloody orders Terrible. conduct of the Rebels, Helpless Indian. families—-KFurther. deeds of blood and.rapine by, the rebel Sullivan+-A month ‘of hourible: work-—A tiributes of cruelty, more conspicuous :in the; Rebels: than in the Indians—The New, Englander-—Conduct ‘toward the Indians—In- consistent—The “down trodden ”—-The Mohawks-—Jndian agriculture | —Broken faith with the, Indians—Noble conduct of Brant+After the war—His family—Death—Miss Molly—Indian. usages—The character | of the Mohawk—The six Indians as Canadians—Fidelity to' the British: — Receiving land— Bay Quinte —"Grand River ee Captain Isaac, Captain John—At serait Counsel......... 065 eooee = WE

CHAPTER Ix, Zh

Individuald—-dudéreonpethuaes) Butwell uate? 20h cohauars-! Coffin-—Douhe—JarvieJones— McDotiald—MeGill— a ee—Met-" bianca Paar —Mesinasl Sie reton— ballon ON At! n—_ AllisonAshley—Bell—BarrittOasey—Car lion—Chirreh—Clar —Crawford—-Dame— Daly—Diamond", BOE Oe Wreeste sescsticares: Ob

t

xii CONTENTS,

CHAPTER X. PAGE Ferguson—F razer—Gerollamy—Goldsmith—Harrison — Hudgins — Hicks Howell— Hover—Hogle—Ham—Herkimer—Holt—Jones—Johnson— Rear ian Serene mean muerte etre Mpitariant Mad) ona —McDonnell—McDonell—-Ostrom—Peterson .........seeeeeeseseeee 100

CHAPTER XI.

Rogers’ tamily—Ryerson — Redner — Sherwood — Taylor— Van Dusen — Williamburgh—Wright--Wilkins—Young—Officers who settled in Niagara District..... fee ae mn GB oe OU eAE B yesh Jide 117

DIVISION II. TRAVELING IN EARLY TIMBS—ORIGINAL ROUTES.

CHAPTER XII.

Indian paths—Portages—Original French routes—Mer de Canada—Original names of St. Lawrence—Ontario—Huron—Route by Bay Quinté—Old french maps—Original English routes—Four ways from Atlantic to the Lakes—Mississippi—Potomac—Hudson—lIndian name of Erie— From New York to Ontario—The Hudson River—Mohawk—Wood creek—Oneida Lake—Oswego River—The carrying places—West Canada Creek—Black River—Oswegotchie—The navigation—Military highway—Lower Canada—An historic route—The paths followed by the Loyalists—Indian paths north of Lake Ontario—Crossing the Lake —From Cape Vincent ‘to the Bay Quinté—From Oswego by Duck Islands—Kast Lake—Picton Bay—Coasting Ontario—Two ways to Huron—By Bay Quinté and Trent; by Don River—Lake Simcoe— Point Traverse—Loyalists—Travelling by the St. Lawrence—First road—Long remembered event... 20... 0. eee ee oe Me ONT. +. 129

CHAPTER XIII.

Indians tray lec by foot, or by. canoe—Secreting canoes—Primeval scenes —Hunting, expeditions—War path—In 1812—Brock—A night, at Myers’ Creek—+Important.arrival—The North West, Company—Their canoes—Route-—-Grand Portage—The Voyageurs—The Batteaux—Size —Ascending the rapids—Lachine—-A dry dock—Loyalists by batteaux —Durham boats—Difficulties—In 1788, time from Lachine to Freder- ieksburg-—Waiting for batteaux—Extracts from a journal, traveling in

1811—From Kingston to Montreal—The expenses—The Schenectady boats—Trade between Albany and Cataraqui—The Durham boat— Duncan—Description of flat-bottomed boat by “ Murray "—Statement of Finkle—Trading—Batteaux in 1812—Rate of traveling—The change in. fifty years—Time from Albany to Bay Quinte—Instances—Loyalists traveling,in winter—Route—Willsbury sAlders tapi Tap IE at Corn- wall—The “French Train ”—Traveling along north shore of Ontario Indian path—Horseback—Individual owners of batteaux—Around Bay: Quinte—-The Last. regular batteaux—In 1819—“Lines” from MAGQAZING , vase bevceeieees ve Tem ee ree eene eee ee ee ee Oe ae ee ee ie seeeewe 135

CONTENTS. xiii

CHAPTER XIV.

PAGE The first Vessel—The French—La Salie—The Griffon—Vessels in 1770— During the Rebellion—-Building at Carleton Island—Captain Andrews The Ontario—Co!. Burton—Loss of the Ontario—The Sheehans—Hills —Givins’ — Murney’s Point—Schooner ‘Speedy ’— Mohawk—Mibssis- sauga— Duke of Kent—Capt, Bouchette— Paxton—McKenzie — Richardson—Earle Steele—Fortiche—The Governor Simcoe—Sloop ‘Elizabeth ’— First. vessel built at York— Collins’ Report upon Navigating the Lakes—Navy in Upper Canada, 1795—Rochfoucault —Capt. Bouchette—Officers’ Pay—York, the centre of the Naval Force —Gun Boats—The Loss of the “ Speedy »—Reckoner—Dr,. Strachan— Solicitor-Gen. Gray—Canada took the lead in ouilding Vessels—First Canadian Merchant Vessel—The York—A Schooner on runners round the Falls—Sending Coals to Newcastle—Upon Bay Quinté—The Out- skirts of Civilization—“The Prince Edward” built of Red Cedar—In

1812—Schooner “ Mary Ann”—1817—Capt. Matthews......... ceeee 147

DIVISION III. THE LOYALISTS AS PIONEERS—THE ORIGINAL SURVEY.

CHAPTER XV.

Major Gen, Holland—Surveying on Atlantic Coast—An adherent of the Crown—Removal to Montreal—Death—Major Holland—Information “ Maple Leaves ””— Holland Farm— Taché— First. Canadian Poem — Head Quarters of Gen, Montgomery—Hospitality—Duke of Kent— Spencer Grange—Holland Tree—Graves—Epitaphs—Surveyor Wash- ington—County Surveyor—Su-veyors after the War—First Survey in Upper Canada—Commenced in 1781—The Mode pursued—Information in Crown Lands Department—The Nine Townships upon the St. Lawrence—At the close of the War—Non-Professional Surveyors— Thomas Sherwood—Assisting to Settle—Surveying around the Bay Quinte—Bongard—Deputy-Surveyor Collins—First Survey at Fron- tenac—Town Reserve—Size of 'Township—Mistakes—Kottye—Tuffy —Capt. a arp ae Murney—Surveying in Winter—Planting Posts —Result—Litigation—Losing Land—A Newspaper Letter—Magis- trates—Landholders—Their Son’s Lawyers—Alleged Filching—Spec- ulators at Seat of Government—Grave Charges—Width of Lots— Mode of Surveying—Number of Concessions—Cross Roads—Survey- ors Ordérs—Numbering the Lots—Surveying around the Bay—The ten Townships—Their Lands—The Surveying Party—A Singer—State- ment of Gourlay........ BE, aa aaaientele: + d7era SAI genaee ae Meee eae ot soos 154

CHAPTER XVI,

The term Concéssion—First Concession of Land in Canada—The Carignan Regiment— S¢igniories— Disproportion of the sexes—Females sent from France—Their appearance—Settling them—Marriage allowance —The last seigniory—New Longeuil—Seigniory at Frontenac—Grants to refugees—Officers and men—Scaleé of granting—Free of expense— Squatting—Disbanded soldiers—Remote regions—A wise and benefi- cent policy—Impostors—Very young officers—Wholesale granting of

xiv CONTENTS.

PAGE land—Republicans coming over—Covetous—False pretensions—Gov- ernment had to discriminate—Rules and regulations—.Family lands— Bounty—Certificates—Selling claims—Rear concessions—Transfer of location ticket—Land board—Tardiness in obtaining titles to real estate—Transfer by bond—Jobbing—Sir Wm. Pullency—Washington —Giving lands to favorites—Reserves —Evil results—The Family Compact—Extract from Playter—Extract from Lord Durham—From Gourlay-—Recompense to Loyalists—Rations—Mode of drawing land —Land ayent—Broken front—Traitor Arnold—Tyendinaga......... 164

CHAPTER XVII.

Lines—Western Settlement, 1783—Population—Settlement upon St. Lawe rence and Bay—Number, 1784—Proclai. tion to Loyalists—Society disturbed—Two kinds of Loyalists—St, uawrence and Bay favorable for settlement—Government provisions—State of the Loyalists—Serv- ing out 1 tions—Clothes—Utensils for clearing and fencing—The axe —Furniture—Attacking a last enemy—Tents—Waiting for their lots — Bees ”"—Size of dwellings—Mode of building—Exchanging work —Bedsteads—Clearing—Fireing trees—Ignorance of pioneer life— Disposing of the wood—No beast of burden—Logging—Determina- tion—AlI settlers on a common ground—Additional refugees—Advance —Simcoe’s proclamation, 1792—Conditions of grants—The response— Later: settlers—Questionable Loyalists—Yankees longing for Canada —Loyalty in 1812 eevee e@eeeeete vere ee reser e eer eeeeseoseee ve eo, eeeveee 181

DIVISION IV. THE FIRST YRARS OF UPPER CANADA,

CHAPTER XVIII.

Father Piequet—Provi ision of Forts in Upper Canada just before conquest —Frontenac—Milk—Brandy—Toronto—The several forts—Detroit— British garrisons—Grasping rebels—Efforts to starve out Loyalists in Canada—Worse tréated than the Acadians—Efforts ‘to. secure Fur Trade—The ‘frontier forts—America ns’ conduct to Indian#—Result— Conduct of British Government—Rations for three years—Grinding by hand—“ Hominy blockg"—« Plumpin mill”__The , women—Sol- dier farmers—The essians—Sutfering e Scarce Year”—Charge .

.. against the Commissariat‘ officers— maine Sty for bread—Instances

”” Of suffering—Starving children—No salt—Fish_-Game—Rating young grain— Begging bran—A common sorrow— Providential escapes — Eating buds and leaves—Deaths— Primitive’ fishing—Catching salmon —Going 125 miles to mill— Disconsolate families —1789— Partial relief—First beef slaughtered’ in Upper Canada—First Yog barn—A “ Bee?” what they ‘ate’ and’ dratik—Tea ‘introduc Goer Sg tsich of | Sheriff” Shervrood—Ro é Botes—John’ ivan 1. Clark—_squitrel swiinming ra— flaple’ | ar—How it was mide—Women assist-

ing a at bi baie pkin' loaf—Extract from Rochefoucault —1795-—Quality “0 raiséd— Quinte 'Bay—Cultivation— Corn exported—T He Brain” eaters PHice of’ flour—Pork—! rofits “of the:

merohines: OG". | wolcenstofdgatag aitioltall ag oibaaratebage: Ny gy

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER XIX,

Kingston Mills—Action of Government—The Millwright—Situation of the first Mill—Why Selected—The Machinery—Put up by Loyalists—No Toll—Only Mill for three years—Going to Mili, 1784—The Napanee Mill—Commenced 1785—Robert Clarke—And old Book—‘ Appenea” Falls—Price of certain articles—What Rum cost, and was used for— The Mill opened 1787—Sergt,-Major Clarke in charge—Indian Corn— Small Toll—Surveyor Collins in charge—Becomes the property of R. Cartwright, 1792—Rebuilt—Origin of Napanee—Price of Butter, 1788 —Mills at Four Mile Creek, Niagara Falls, Fort Erie, and Grend River —Mills on the St. Lawrence—The Stone Mills—VanAlstine-—Lake of the Mountain—1796—Natural Beauty, iursus. Utility—The Mill—Van Alstine’s Death—Wind Mill—Myer’s Mill—Mill at Consecon,.......

CHAPTER XX.

Clothing—Domestic and Farming Implements—Style of Dress eighty years ago—Clothing of the Refuges—Disbanded Soldiers—No, Fresh Supply Indiau Garments of Skin—Deerskin Pants——Petticoats—Bed Coverings —Cultivating Flax—Sheep—Home-mode Clothes-—Rude, Implements —Fulling—French _Mode—Lindsay Woolsey—-The Spinning-wheel— Young men Selecting Wives—Bees—Marriage Portion—Every Farmer his own Tanner and Shoemaker—Fashions—How odd.hours were spent —Home-made Shoes—What Blankets were made of—Primitive Bed- stead—Nakedness—Bridal A pparel—No Saddles—Kingston and Newark —Little Money—Bartering—Merchants from Albany—Unable to buy —Credit with Merchants—The Results—Itinerant Mechanics-—Amer- icans—Become Canadians—An old Stone-mason—Wooden Dishes— Making Spoons—Other Hardships—Indians Friendly—Effects of Alcohol upon the Mississaugas—Groundless Panic—Drunken Indians —Women, defending Themselves—An erroneous Statement about Indian Massacre in “ Dominion Monthly Magazine "—Statement of an Old Settler, Sherwood—Wild Beasts—Few Fire-arms—Narrow Es- capes—Depredations at Night—Destroying Stock—An Act of Parlia- ment— A traveller's Statement—The Day of Small Things—Settlers Contented—The Extent of their Ambition—ieward of Industry—Po- pulation in 1808—Importations—Money—The Youth eeeeereaeese sense

i CHAPTER XXI, ‘i iil pearl ) 4

XV

PAGR

206

211

Sweat of the brow—No beast of burden—No stock—Except by. ‘a few—

aytek

220

—When suryeyed—Road from Ki ator went ard;—Its coutse--Simeoe’a Man

ort.

xvi

CONTENTS.

Cause—Extract from Gourlay—Thomas Markland’s report—Ferries— 1796—Acts of parliament—Statute labor—Money grants—Commis- sioners—Midland district—Distribution—The Cataraqui Bridge Com- pany—The petitioners—An act—The provisions—The plan of build- ing—The bridge—Toll—Completing the bridge—Improvements of roads—McAdam—Declines a knighthood....... .cceeeeeseee cers

CHAPTER XXIII.

Cde to Canada—Early events—First English child in America, 1687—In

New England—First French child, 1621—First in Upper Canada, 1783 —In Prince Edward—Adolphustown—Ameliasburgh—North of the Rideau—Indian marriage ceremony-—Difficulty among first settlers to get clergymen—-First marriage in America, 1608—First in New Eng- land, 1621—First in Canada, 1621-—Marriageable folks.—No one to tic the matrimonial knot—Only one. clergyman-—Officers marrying-— Magistrates empowered—Legislation, , 1793—Its _provision—Making valid certain marriages—Further, Legislation, 1798—In 1818—1821— 1831--Clergymen of all denominations permitted to marry.—Methodist ministers-—Marriage license, 1814—Five persons appointed to issue— A ‘noticeable matter—Statements of Bates—Mode.of courting in the woods—Newcastle wedding expeditions--Weapons of defence—Ladies’ dresses—The lover's “ rig”—A wedding ring—Paying the magistrate —A good corn basket—Going to weddings—* Bitters”.Old folks stay at home—The dance, several nights—Marriage outfit—Frontier life— Morals in Upper Canada—Absence of irregularities—Exceptional instances—Unable to get married, Peter and Polly—A singular witness —Rev, Mr. Stuart—Langhorn—McDowell—How to adorn the bride— What she wore—A wedding in 1808—On horseback—The guests—The wedding—The banquet—The game of forfeits—The night—Second day wedding-The young folks on,horseback—Terpischorean—An ra i

he

“ment by canoe—The Squire—The chase—The lovers successful—

Squires who married... ,.....4. traree oe op ese einsa ie # fe oateit ae SRE ces

CHAPTER XXIV.

Burying places—How selected—Family burying place—For the ‘neighbor-

in K

hood—The Dutch—Upon the Hudson--Bay. Quinte—A sacred spot to the. Loyalists—Ashes to, ashes—+Primitive; mode of burialzThe coffin

—At the graye——The father's, nemarks—-Return to labor—French Bury-

B-place, at jl ponene ear is site—U, E. Loyalists’ ‘burying place at Kingston—The “ U. B. burying-grouwnd,” Adolphustown—Worthy sires of Canada’s sons—Decay—Neglect of illustrious dead—Repair wanted —Oldest burying-ground- in. Prince Edward—Ross: Place—At East Lake—Upon the. Rose farm The. Dutch | burying-ground Second growth trees—In Sophiasburgh--Cronk farm—In Sidney—Rtide tomb

sto\es—Burial-place, of Captain. ; Myers—Reflections—Dust to dust—

In Thurlow— Taylor, burying-ground The) first. person -‘buried— Liéut. Ferguson—An aged female—Her work .done—Wheels ‘stand

still eoeeeoreesnereeee eeeeeeeee Ce ee ee 2

]

PAGE

224

232

243

CONTENTS. xvii

DIVISION V. THE BARLY OLERGYMEN AND CHURCHES,

CHAPTER XXV. PAGE French missionaries—First in 1615—Recollets—With Champlain—Jesuits, in 1625—Valuable records—Bishopric of Quebec, 1674—First Bishop of Canada, Laval—Rivalry—Power of Jesuits—Number of missiona- ties—Their “relations”—First mission field; Bay Quinte region— “ Antient mission”"—How founded—First missionaries—Kleus, Abbe D’Urfe—La Salle to build a church—The ornaments and sacred vessels —The site of the “Chappel” uncertain—Bald Bluff, Carrying Place— Silver crosses—Mission at Georgian Bay—The “Christian Islands "— Chapel at*Michilmicinac, 1679—The natives attracted—Subjects of the French King— Francois Picquet—La Presentation— Soegasti— The most important mission—The object—Six Nations—The missionary’s living—“ Disagreeable expostulations "—Putting stomach in order— Trout—Picquet’s mode of teaching Indians—The same afterwards adopted by Rev. W. Case—Picquet’s success—Picquet on a voyage—— At Fort Toronto—Mississaugas’ request—Picquet’s reply —A slander— At Niagara, Oswego—At Frontenac—Grand, reception—Return to La Presentation—Picquet in the last French war—Returns to France— By Mississippi— Apostles of Peace”—Unseemly strife—Last of the Jesuits in Canada... .. cc cece cee eee eens ceeeeeececseveeees Lad

CHAPTER XXVI.

First church in New York, 1633—First Dominie, Rev. Everardus Rogar- dus—The Dutch, Huguenots, PB Mec theme ministers and churches—First Rector of New Yor , Wm. Vesey—-Henry Barclay, 1746 —First Catholic Bishop in America, 1789—Episcopalian Bishop, 1796 —Moral state of Pioneers in Canada—Religion—No ministers—No striking immorality—Feared God and honored their King—The Fath- ers of Upper Canada—Religious views—-A hundred years ago2— Ca- rousing and Dancing ”-—Rey. Dr. John Ogilvie - First Protestant clergyman in Canada—Chaplain, 1759, at Niagara—A Missionary. .-Suc- cessor of Dr, Barclay, New York—Death, 1774—Rev. John Doughty— A Graduate ordained—At Peekskill—Schenectady—A Loyalist—A Prisoner—To Canada—-Chaplain—-To England—Returns— Missionary Resigns—Rev Dr. John Stuart—First clergyman to settle—His memoir — The “ Father of the U. C. Church "—Mission work—The five nations —The Dutch—Rev, Mr. Freeman-—Translator—-Rev. Mr. Andrews— Rev. Mr. Spencer Woodbridge, Howley—New England missionaries —ev, Dr. Whelock—The Indian converts—-The London society —lev. Mr. Inglis—John Stuart s¢lected' missionary—A native of Penn- sylvania—alrish. descent—A graduate, Phil. Coll—Joins Church of England—To England—Ordination—Holy' Orders, 1770—Enters upon his work, ... eee coe coer ereeee ee err ee re i) gp teens eoerere tense 255

CHAPTER XXVII,

At Fort Hunter—Mr. Stuart’s first sermon, Christmas—Officiates in Indian tongue—Translates—The rebellion—Prayers for the King—The John- sons—Rebels attack his house—Plunder—Indignity—Church desecra- ted—Used as a stable—A barrel of ram—Arrested—Ordered to come before rebel commissioners—On Parole—Limits—Idle two years—To Albany—Phil—Determines to remove to Canada—Not secure—Ex-

XViii CONTENTS,

PAGE changing—Security—Real éstate forfeited—Route—Negroes—The journey, three wecks.—At St, John’s—-Charge of Public School—Chap- lain—At the close of, the, war—Three Protestaat,larishes—Determines to settle at Cateraqui—Chaplain to Garrisea—Missionary—Bishop of Virginia, Dr, Griffith-—Visits, Mr, Stuart---'nvitatiou to Virgina declin- ed—* Rivetted prejudices,” satisfied—'The only refuge clergymen” — Path of duty—Visits the settlements, 1784—-Mohawks, Grand river— Reception of their old pastor—First church—Mohawks, Bay of Quinte --Remains.in Montreal a year—Assistant—-Removes to Catar ui, 1785 —His land—Number of houses in Kingston--A short cat to Lake Huron—Fortunate in land—5000 séttlérs—Poor and happy-—-Tndus- trious-—Around his Parish, 1788-—-T wo hundred miles long-—By batteau —Brant—New Oswego—Mohawk village church,steeple,and ‘bell_—First in Upper Canada—Plate—-Organ_—Furniture-—-Returns—At Niagara— Old parisbionese—:emplad to move.Comfortable, not tich—Declines a judgeship —New Mecklenburgh--Appointed Chaplain to ‘first House of Assembly Mohawk MissionAt Yarysbatgh Degres of DD. Prosperity---Happy—Decline of Tife—-His duties—Ilness, Death, 1811 —His appearance—* The little gentleman ”—His manners —Honorable title—His children—-Rev. O’Kill Stuart...,........ ste cn ewe peseeegeee 200

CHAPTER XXVIII.

A Missfonary—-Chaplain at Niagara—Pastors to the settlers—Chaplain to Legislature—Visits Grand river—Ofticiates—A land ‘speculator—Re- ceives @ pension, £50—1823—-Rev, Mr, Pollard—At Amherstburgh— Mr. Langhorn—-A missionary—Little education—Useful—Odd—On Bay Quinte in Einesttown—Buflds 4 charch—-At Adolphustown— Preaches at Hagerman’s—Another church—A, diligent pastor—Pioneer preacher around the bay—Christening-——Marrying—Particular—His ap- pointments._Clerk’s Fees—Generosity—Present to bride—Faithful to sick calls—Frozen feet—No ait pe buckles—Dress—Books —Peculiarities—Fond of the water—Charitable—War of, 1812——Deter- unged to leaye Canada—Thinks it doomed—Singular notice—Returns

» Europe—His library—Present to Kingston—Twenty years in’Canada Naxtinct from Gazette—No one immediately to take his place—Rev. John Bethune-—Died, 1815—Native of Scotlaid—U, E. Loyalists— Lost Property—Chaplain to 84th kar HN Tg Presbyterian—Second Legal Cletgymen in Upper Canada—Settled at Cornwall—Children— The Baptists—Wyner—Turner—Holts Wiem—Baptists upon river Moira—First Chapel—How built—Places of preaching—Hayden’s Corners— At East Lake--;The Luthcrans— Rev. Schwerdfeger — Lutheran settlers—County Dundas—First church east of Kingston— Rev,.Mx. Myers divedsin/Maryeburale: Marriage mitts log eh ch-—Re- moves, to St. Lawrence—Resigns-+To , Philadelphia—Mr,, Weant— Lives in Ermesttown—Removes, to.,Matilda——Not ‘supperted—Secretly joins, the English, church+-Re-ordained-—His society ignorant—Sus- picious—rPreaching jin, shirt, sleeves-—Mr..Myers’ return, by, sleigh— Locking church; deor—The thirty-nine articles-—-Compromise—Mr.

yers, continues thfee years a Lutheran—He secedes—The end of both seceders——Rev, I, I. Senderling—Rey. Herman Hayunga—Rey, Mr. Shorts—Last Lutheran minister at Emesttown, McCarty—Married..,., 267

CHAPTER XXIX) Bishop ‘Stiachan-JA teacher-LA preacher—A student-Holy. Orders—A Presbyterian—Becomes ‘an Episcopalian—A supporter.of the “ Family

compact’—Sincere—His opinion of the people—Ignorant—Unprepared for self-government—Strachan’s religious chart—He was deceived—

CONTENT: xix

PAGR The Mothodists—Anomatons connection—A ullibustering peéple. Republicanism egotisticnl—Loyalty of the Methodists —Ameriéan ministers—Dr, Straéhan’s position—-His birth place—His edacation— A.M,, 1793—Studying Theology—Comes to Canada A student of Dr. Sturart’s*-Ordained Deacon—A missi onary at Cornwall—-Rector at York —Archdeacon— Bishop of Toronto—Coadjutor—Death— A public burial Rev, Mr.’ MeDowell—First Presbyterian at Bay Quinte—Invited by VanAletine—On his way—At Brockville—Settles in a second town— His cirehit—A worthy minister—Fulfiling his mission—Traveling on foot—'T'o York—Marrying the ah! Rh death—His descendants Places of -preaching—A Calvinist—Invites controversy—Mr, “Cotte accepts the challenge—The disputation—Excitement—The result Rev, Mr, Smart—Called by Mr. McDowellPres, clergyman at Brock- ville—Fifty years—An earnest’ Christian_—A desire to Write’ Obker- ver’—A ploneér—A cause of tégret—Not extreme— Mr. Sttiart’s views on politics—The tasges unedttcated— The “Family Compact’——-Rise of responsible government—-The Bidwell’s— Credit to Dr, Strachan. Brock’s funeral sermon—TFoundation of Kingston gaol Maitland Demonstration—Shetwood’s statements... oe... eee s see cee eee. 218

CHAPTER XXX,

The Quakers—Among the Settlers—From Penn--Duchess County—First _, Meeting-house—David Sand—Blijah Hick—Visiting Canada—Jameés Noxen--A first settler—Their mode of worship—In Sophiasburg—The meeting-house—Joseph Leavens—Hicksites—Traveling—Death, aged , 92—Extract, Picton Sun—Tho first reaching places—First English church-—In private houses—At Sandwich—The Indian church at the bay—Ernesttown—First Methodist church-—Preaching, at Niagara— Fitst church in Kingston—At Waterloo—At Niagara—Churches at Kingston, 1817—In Hallowell—Thurlow—-Methodist meeting-houses, 1816—.At Montreal—Building chapels in olden times—Occupying the frame--The old Methodist chapels—In Hallowell township—tIn the fifth town—St, Lawrence—First, English Church, Belleville—Mr, Campbell_-First time in the pulpit—How he.got out——The old church superseded—Church, front of Sidney—-Rev. John Cochrane—Rev. Mr, Grier.First Presbyterian Church in Belleville —Rey., Mr, Ketcham— First Methodist Church in Belleyille-—Healey, Puffer—The site of the church--A. second one.... ... ee eee er ey 6!)

CHAPTER XXX: J ’ t {

The first Methodist PreachersoThe army—Capt. Webb—Tattey— George Neal— 'Lyons— School-téaicher— Exhorter_ MeCarty Persecution Bigotry— Vagdbonds— Mccarty' ‘arfostéd— " Pial— At ‘Kingston— Banished—« A martyr’ Doub til Tosée, first Methodist’ missionary, 1790—-A minister—A loyalist Where he first reached—“'A ‘curiosity” —Harnest pioneer Methodist—Class-méétings—Suitable for all elasses Loseée’s class-meetings— Determines ‘to build ‘a meecting-houseBuiltin Adolphtistow nts size The subscribers—-Members, atnotnt—Em- bury—Those who 'stibscribed for first church in New York Same naties ~—The centenary of Methodism—New York Methodists driven away— American Methodist forgetfulaEmbury\and Heck refugees—Ashgrove —No credit given to British officers—Embury’s brother—The rigging loft, N. Y.—Barbara ‘Heck—Settling. in. Augusta—First Methodist

* Church: in America—Subscribers—( Lost Chapters’—The , Author's silence—What is acknowledg ‘Severe threats’—Mr. -Mann-—To Nova Scotia—Mr. Whateley “admires piety”—Not “ loyalty”—Second

xx CONTENTS. PAGE

chapel, N, Y,—Adolphustown subseribers--Conrad Van Dusen—Elia, Roblin—Hufl—Ruttan—The second Methodist chapel—The subscribers —Commenced May; \1795—Carpenter’s wages—-Members Cataraqui Circuit-—~Going to Conference—Returns—+Darias Dunham-—Physician— First quarterly meeting —Anecdotes—Bringing a “ dish cloth” Clean up’—The new made squire—Agsses—Unclean spirits—Losee discon- tinues preaching—Cause—Disappointment—Return to New York— Dunham useful—Settles—Preachors travelling—Saddle-bags—Method. ism Am OnE loyalists—Camp-meetings—Where first held in Canada— Worshipping in the woods—Breaking up-—Killing the Devil—First Canadian, preacher—Journey from New York, ..cc.ceceeeeeeeeeeeees 285

Henry Ryan—Ryanites—He comes to Canada—His associate, Case—At Kingston—A singer—Preaching in the market-place—Their treatment —In_ office—His circuit—1000 miles—What he received—Elder— Superseded—Probable cause—A British subject—During the war of 1812-—President of Conference— High-minded "—Useful—Acceptable to the people—Desired independence by the Canadians—How he was treated—His labors—Brave—Witty—“ Fatherless children”—“ Impu- dent scoundrel "—Muscular— Methodists’ bull ”—“ Magistrate’s goat” —Kyan seeks separation—Breckenridge—Conduct of the American Conference-—Ryan’s agitation—Effect upon the Bishops—First Canada Conferenee—At Hallowell—Desire for independence—Reasons, cogent —Fruit of Ryan’s doings—The way the Conference treated Ryan— Withdtaws—No faith in the United States Conferetice—Ryan sincere — "Canadian Wesleyans”—The motives of the United States Confer- ence quéstionable-——The wrong done Ryan—Second Canada Conference —Case, first Superintendent—Visit of Bishop Asbury—Account by Henry Boehm— Asbury an Englishiman— During the rebellion—A Bishop—His journey to Canada—Crossing the St. Lawrence—Travel- ing, in Canada—An upset—-“A decent people”—Higs opinion of the country—-The Bishop ill—At Kingston—Bowehm at Embury’s—aA field meeting— Riding all night— Crossing to Sackett’s harbor—Nearly WOOO oie ddan eM ddeudaciencesepbens boissons bodes daielee atest se 295

, CHAPTER XXXII,

McDonnell—First R. Catholic Bishop—A “Memorandum "—Birth-place—- in Spain—A LEB alta Scotland—Glengary’ Fencibles—Treland, 1'798 —To' Canada—Bishop—Death in Scotland—Body removed to Canada —Funeral obsequies—Buried at Kingston—Had influence—Member of Canadian Legislative ‘Council—Pastoral visitations, 1806—-A loyal man—A pioneer in his church—The Bishop’s Address, 1836—Refuting Mal-charges—Number of' thé R/C, clergy. in) 1804—From Lake Supe. rior to Lower Canada—Traveling horseback—Sometimes on foot— Hardships—Not a’ politician xpehding ’ privaté means+_Faithful services — A¢knowledged — Roman ‘Catholic’ U. BE. Loyalists. First church in’ roti, cM alge at Belleville-Rev; M.' Brennan— First church in Beélleville—What we have aimed at--The advantages to the English ChurehcThe ReservesIn Lower CanadaDi, Moun- tain Number’ df English! clergymen,’17934.4 ‘Bishop—Monopoly ‘nitiated—Intolerance’ aiid! exclusion! swept away-lAn early habit at DEVINE BELO ee re P Odd, TMU OAR RNA 80

on oO} diaty A—stitog ,/ CHAPTER XXXII, ‘ i t meth

First Sabbath ‘teac a Tes iinab ‘Bell,’ 1769—Schibol’ established, 1781

' Saver waned 5 int in United States ist’ in Canada_Cattrick ~-Moon— ‘Common in’ 1824-“First in "Belleville! Pdinbull Cooper

CONTENTS, xxi

Marshall—Prizes, who won them—Mr, Turnbull's death— Intemperance — First temperance societies—-Change of custom—Rum—Increasing in- temperance—'The tastes of the pioneers—'Temperance, not teetotalism First socicty in Canada—-Drinks at raisings and bees—Society at Hal- lowel e*wree ee 308

CHAPTER XXXIV,

The Six Nations— Faithful English Allies—Society for Propagation of Gospel_-First missionary to Troquois—John Thomas, first convert— Visit of Chiefs to England—Their names—Their portraits—Attention to them-—Asking for instructor—-Queen Anne—Communion. Service — During the Rebellion-Burying the plate—Recovered— Division of the articles—Sacrilege of the Rebels—Re-printing Prayer Book—Mr, Stuart, missionary—The women and children—At Lachine— Attachment to Mr, Stuart—Touching instance—-Mr, Stuart’s Indian sister—Church at Tyendinaga—School teacher to the Mohawk-—John Bininger—First teacher.—The Bininger family--The Moravian Society-Count Zinzen- dorf—Morayian church at New York—First minister, Abraham Binin- ger-—-Friend of Embury—An old account book—John Bininger jour- neying to Canada—Living at Bay Quinte—Removes to Mohawk village Missionary spirit—Abraham Bininger’s letters-—The directions — Children pleasing parents — “Galloping thoughts "— Christianity — Canadian Moravian missionaries—Moravian loyalists—What was sent from New York—‘ Best Treasure ”—The “Dear Flock ’—David Zies- hager at the Thames J. Bininger acceptable to Mohawk—Abraham Bininger Gesires to visit Canada—Death of Mrs, Bininger—‘ Tender mother ’—~Bininger and Wesley— Garitson "—' Losee ”—' Dunon”"— Reconciled to, Methodists—Pitying Losee—Losee leaving Canada— Ceases to be teacher—Appointing a successor—William Bell—The salary—The Mohawks don’t attend school—An improvement—The cattle may not go in School-house—The school discontinued,..,.... 312

CHAPTER XXXYV.

The first Church at Tyendinaga grows old—A Council—Ask for assistance —Goy. Bagot—Laying first stone, of new Church—The Inscription— The Ceremony—The new Church—Their Singing—The surrounding Scenery—John, Hall’s Tomb—Pagan Indians—Red Jacket— His Speech --Reflection upon Christians—Indians had nothing to do with Mtnderog thie, Baydotas s+ ocermiraisnive arsant ee tinaaryeapstaneea ge eameceay S19

CHAPTER XXXVI.

{ t ! j t ‘ Mississauga Indians—Father, Picquet’s opinion-—Remnant of a large tribe —-Their land—Sold to Government.._Rev, Wm, Case—John Sunday— A drunkard-Peter| Jones~Baptising Indians—At. a ,camp-mecting-— Their department-—Extract from .Playter— William Beaver-—Conver- sions:—Jacob. Peter—Severe, upon white christians—Their worship— The Father of Canadian missions--Scheme to teach Indians-—Grape IslandLeasing Islands—-'The parties—“ Dated at Belleville”—Con- structing a village—The lumber—-How obtained—Encamping on Grape Island—The method of instruction—The number—Agriculture—Their singinge-School house—The teacher—Instructions of women—Miss Barnes—Property of Indians—Cost of improvements—A visit to Gov- ernment—Asking for land“ Big Island "—Other favors—Peter Jacobs at New York—Extracts from Playter—Number of Indian converts, 1829-—-River Credit Indians—Indians removed to Alnwick.......... 323

xii CONTENTS,

DIVISION VI.

RARLY EDUCATION IN UPPFR CANADA,

CHAPTER XXXVI. PAGS Education among the Loyaliste—Effect of the war--No opportunity for Education—A tow Educated—At Bath—A common belief—What was requisite for farming—Learning at home-'l'he school teachers—Their qualifications—Rev, Mr, Stuart as a teacher—Academy at Kingston— Virst Canadian D, D.—Mr, Clark, Teacher, 1786—Donevan—Garrison Schoolsa—Cockerell—M yers—Blaney — Michael ~ Atkins — Kingston, 1795——Lyons—Mrs, Oranahan--In Adolphustown-——Mordeh-——Faulki- ner—T'ho school books—Kvening schools—McDougall—O'Reiley— MoCormick--Flogaing—Salisbury-Jainee--Potter--Wright--Watkin —Gibson—Smith—Whelan—aArticles of Agreement—Recollections— Boarding round—American teachers—School books—The letter Z .., 329

CHAPTER XXXVITI,

Mr, Stuart’s school__Simcoe—State Church and College— Grammar schools —Hon, R. Hamilton—Chalmers—Strachan—Comes to Canada—EKdu- cational history—Arrival at Kingston--~The pupils—Foes—Removes to Cornwall—Pupils follow—Strachan, a Canadian—Marries——Interview with Bishop Strachan—His disappointment—A stranger—What he forsook—-300 pupils—Their suceess+Stay at Cornwall—Appointments at York—A lecturer—At Kingston—Member of Legislative Council— Politician—Clergy Reserves—Founds: King’s College+-The thirty-nine arti¢les—Monopoly swept away—Voluntaryism—Founds Trinity Col- lege—Bishop Strachan in 1866—What he had accomplished—Those he tutored—Setting up a high standard—*« Reckoner ”—Sincerity—Legis- lation, 1797—Address to the King—Grammar Schools—Grant, 1798— Board of Education—Endowment of King’s College—Its constitution —Changes—Upper Canada College—Endowment—« A spirit of im- provement "—Gourlay—The second academy-—At Ernesttowh—The trustecs—Bidwell —Charges —Contradicted— Rival school— Bidwell's son—Conspicuous character—Bidwell’s death--Son removes to Toronto —Academ building, a barrack—Literary | spirit of ‘Bath—Never re- vive York, eet)! evreeee eaves Feb e ec QUIN. TRI FVUTA' 334

?

OHAPTER XXXIX,

Extractfrém Cooper—Educational institutions-Kingston—Queen’s College —Own's Real. Kstate—Regiopolis College—Roman Catholic-—-Grammar School+-Attendance-—Schoolk houses—Library—Separate.School—Priy- ate Schools—The Quaker, 8chool-- William Pandroh Don the, Hndson— Near Bromfield—Origin of school—Gurnay—His offer—Management of school—The teaching — Mrs. Crombie’s school—Piction ladies’ Academy —McMullen, proprietor—Teachers—Gentlemen’s department—Popular —The art of printing—In America—Book publishing—First in Amer- ica—Books among the loyalists—Few—Passed saround—TlFerguson’s books—The bible—Libraries at Kingston and Bath—Legislation—In Lower Canada—Reading room at Hallowell—Reserves for education— Upper Canada in respect to education—Prtaiseworthy—Commion School system bill introduced 1841—Amended, 1846—Dr, Ryerson’s system— Unsurpassed ereee eee see ete eeeete Ceteeeeteaeeeeeerereer ee eee eee weeeeee 341

CONTENTS. xxiii

CHAPTER XL, PAGR First Newspapers, 1457—Year, 66—English Newspapers—In America—In Canada—' Gazette '—lFounder—Papers in 1758—Quebec ‘Herald’— Montreal ‘Gasette’—‘Le Temps’—Quebee ‘Mercury '—Canadian ‘ Courant’—' Royal Gazette'—First in Newfoundland—‘ U, C, Gazette’ —Frat paper—Subscribers—Upper Canada ‘Guardian '—Wilcox—Mr, Thorpe — Opposition — Libel — Elected to Parliament—York Jail Leader—In 1812—~Deserted—York ‘ Gazette’—Kingston ‘ Gagetta Only Paper—News sixty years ago—In Midland District—hev. Mr. Miles—Pioneer of Journalism—His Birthplace—Loarns the printing business —~Mower —Montreal ‘Gayette '—~ Kendall Partnership--Lo Kingston in 1910——The printing oftice—Kingston ‘ Gazette ’+—Mr, Milea sellg out—Rhe concern purchased—Mr, Miles asked to be Kditor— Their kindness—Gratitude—Second Volume—Extract from ‘Gazetto’ —The Price—Kingston ‘Chroni¢le’—Upper Canada ‘ Herald’— ‘Canadian Watchman’~—Mr. Miles at Prescott—Returns to Kingston —Enters the Ministry—Loyal Subject—In. 1812—On Duty--Areh- deacon Stuart—Col, Cartwright—Contributors) to ‘Gasette’—-Our Thanks—A Watch—laithfulness—« A Good Chance ”—Subscribers at York—Kingston ‘ Spectator ’— Patriot ’—‘ Argus’—' Commercial Ad- vertizer’—' British Whig’— Chronicle’ and ‘News’—First Daily in Upper Canada—Paper Boxes——Brockville ‘ Recorder ’—A Reform pa r —McLead—Grenyille ‘Gazette’ Prescott ‘Telegraph '— Chris Guardian '—Reform Journals eteeeee er 860

CHAPTERQXLI

First paper between Kingston and York—Hallowell ‘Free Press”—The Editor—# Recluse "—F ruitless efforts-—Proprietor—Wooden press—Of iron—“ Free Press,” independent-The “Traveller”—Press removed to Cobourg‘ Prince Edward Gazette ’— Picton Gazette ”— Picton, Sun” Picton Times”—« New Nation "—“ Cobourg Star”. Anglo« Canadian” at Belleville—The Editor—Price-—The Phonix”-—Slicer —Oanadian Wesleyan” Hastings Times”—The “Reformer”— The “Intelligencer’’—George, Benjamin—The ‘ Victoria Chronicle ” — Hastings Chronicle "—Extract from Playter—‘ Colonial Advocate” —4 Upper Oanada Herald’—+ Barker's Magazine ’—‘ Victoria Maga- zine”.Joseph, Wilson—Mrs, Moodie—Sheriff Moodie-—Pioneer , in Canadian literature—Extract from Morgan—“ Literary Garland” “ Roughing it in the Bush”—* Eclectic Magazine” — Wilson’s ~pe- riment ’— Wilson’s Canada Casket”—The “ Bee” at Napance—‘ Em- porium ’—The “ Standard "—The “ Reformer”—“ North American ’— “ Ledger”— Weekly Express ”—* Christian Casket”—‘ Tren vocate"—* British Ensign ”—The “ Canadian’ Gem ”— Maple Léaf" —Papers in 1863Canadian papers’ superior to American—-Death at Boston—Berezy—Canadian idioms—Accent—Good English=.Superati> tion—Home education—Fireside stories—Traditions........0iaeeew 958

ved! } Lr tie at Fs

| ; ' ! . - ‘oer. on bape \

XXIV CONTENTS.

DIVISION VII. THE TERRITORY OF UPPER CANADA—THE BAY QUINTE. . CHAPTER XLII.

The Indians—Their origin-~Pre-historic Canada—Indian relics—Original inhabitants—Les Iroquois du nord—Original names—Peninsula of Upper Canada—Champlain exploring—Ascends the Ottawa—His route to Lake: Nipissing—To Lake, Huron—French river—The country— Georgian: Bay—Lake Simcoe—Down. the Trent—A grand trip—Bay Quinte and Lake Ontario discovered—War demonstration—Wintering at the Bay—A contrast—Roundabout way—Erroneous impressions ...

"1 CHAPTER XLIM. §

Name—Letter, “ Daily News’—“Omega” Lines—The writer—Conjectures —Five Bays—In ian origin—Kentes—Villages—Zes Couis—Modes of spelling—Canty—The occupants, 1783—Mississaugas—Origin—With the Jroquois—The Souter—Mississaugas, dark—At Kingston—Bay Quinte—Land bought—Reserves—Claim upon the islands—Wappoose Tsland—Indian. agent—Indians' hunting—Up the sop EMIT BRUETT Sy sugar—Peaceable—To Kingston for presents... ... 0... ee eee eee

CHAPTER XLIV.

Appearanc¢e—Mouth of Bay—Length—The Peninsula of Prince Edward— Width of Bay—Long Reach—Course of Bay—The High Shore—Division of bay—Kastern, central, western—Taking a trip—Through the Reach —A picture—A quiet spot—Lake on the mountain—A description— Montreal Gazette—Beautiful view—Rhine, Hudson—Contrast—Classic ground—A. sketch—Birth place ofwwelebrated Canadians-—-Hagerman—. A leading: spirit—Sir. J, A. McDonald—Reflections-——A. log: house— Relies‘ of the past—Lesson of life—In:the-lower: bay—Reminiscences— The | front—Cradle ‘of the province—Shore of..Marysburgh+-In, the Western Bay—Cuthbertsou—Up the: bay—A. battle: ground—Devil’s Hill—In the ok ea PRP oa ae He lg supposition—Head of bay “The PRU A. Lid KON Be weve ede Tedielels ele been ere deed eewe

ny CHAPTER KLY:

The “Big Bay ”—Musketoe Bay—Mohawk Bay—Hay Bay—-‘+Hastern. Bay” -—Site of Ancient Kentes—The name—Old Families—An Accident, 1819—Eighteen Drowned—Extract from Playter—Searching for tl. - Bodies—Burying the dead—Picton Bay—-Appearance—The “Gran Bay ’—-Upper Gap—Lower Gap—King ston Bay—A Picture—Rec: ie ting A, Contract—Ship Yards—Extract from Cooper—Inland Lakes.

Islands “Postenscd ‘by IndiansThe “Thousand Islands’”—Carleton Is- land—History' Of Island—During ‘thé robellion—Wolfe ‘Island—The najme——Howe * Teland—_old name—County of Ontario—Garden Island— Horsestibe 'Tsland—Sir Jeffry ‘Amherst=The' size-LIndian’ name— _“Tontine"—Johnson’s Island-The Island’ won-Present owner— 0 ae he’ three: brothers—Small' tslands“-Hare Island—Nut

ooxe Igland—Indian: ‘rendezvous—Captain John’s Island

rare rit aoatte Boe ai Tsland—first' ‘wettlers—Huft’s id—Panl fap Island—Hog Island—Smaller Islands fskduia’ sland MS iiatdonLothe carrying’ plaveTts' course— Onefaal survey-+History--A merican ree ir At Wilkins... 0.0505

PAGH

366

374

. 383

oy

402

CONTENTS. xzV

DIVISION VIIL. THE FIRST TEN TOWNSHIPS IN THE MIDLAND DISTRICT.

CHAPTER XLVI. PAGE The French—Their policy—Trading posts—Cahiaque—Variations—Name of river—Foundation of Fort Frontenac—A change—Site of old fort— La Salle’s petition—A Seigniory—Governors visiting—War Expedition —Fort destroyed—Rebuilt—Colonial wars—Taking of Fort Oswego Frontenac takenHnd of French domination ..........44 votive! 410

CHAPTER XLVII..

Cooper's Essay—Loyalists naming places—King’s Town—Queen’s Town— Niagara—Spanish names—C ‘taraqui from 1759 to 1783—Desolation— The rebellion—Station, Carleton Island—Settling——Refugees at New York—Michael Grass—Prisoner at. Cataraqui—From, New York to Canada-—Captain Grass takes, possession of first township—First land- holders—A, letter by Captain Grass—-Changes—Surveying forts and. harkors—Report to Lord Dorchester—Kingston, versus Carleton. Island. —The defenses—Troops—King’s township—First scvtlers—“ Plan of township No. 1”—First owners of town. lots—Names—Settlers upon the front—First inhabitants of Kingston—A naval and military station The Commodore—Living of old-—Kingston ‘in /ast century—-New for- tifications .....6..5 ee bees Coes COR Oe Meee Re eeeres BeBe ea eee raecerers 419

CHAPTER XLVIII.

The situation of Kingston—Under military influence—Monopolist—Early history of legislation—1in 1810—Gourlay’s statement—Police—Modern Kingston—Lord' Sydenham—Seat | of government—Perambulating— Surrounding country—Provisions—An appeal for Kingston-as. capital —Barriefield—Pittsburg—Building of small crafts—Famous—Roads—> Waterloo—Cemetry—Portsmouth—Kingston Mill—Little Cataraqui— Collinsby—Quantity of land—Early and. influential inhabitants—Post. masters—“Honorable men”—Deacon, Macaulay, Cartwright, Markland, Cummings, Smiths, Kerby—Allen: McLean, first lawyer—A gardener— Sheriff MeLean—* Chrys ” Hagerman—Customs—Sampson, shooting a smuggler—Hagerman, M\P.P.—Removés to Torontois Mis ededesiedes 480

; CHARTER, XLIX,...),

“he second town-~Emmest's town—King George—His children—Settlers: of Ernesttown—Disbanded soldiers—Johnson’s regiment—Major Rogers’ corps+-The..““ Roll,”—+Number-By whom. enlisted-+An, old, book-- _. Township. surveyed—Settling-—T'raveling-—-Living in tents—-A, change -~Officers-—Names--Oceupants, of lots--Mill; Creek——-Tne. descendants —Quality. ofland—Village—The settlers in 1811—-The main road—-[n- coxporation, of. Bath—Drading-—Fairfield--The library;-Bath, by, Gonr; lay~-Bath| of the) present-—Bath, versus, Napance--In, 1812—-American Fleet-——Wonderful achievement-,Safe distance from shore--Third town- ship+-Fredevicksburgh—After Duke. of Sussex—Suryeyed by,Kotte— A promise to the disbanded ealdiantmiahnagne-Kred cksburgh, ade tional-—A.dispute--Quantity of land--Extract from, Mrs; Moodie-—R« serve for villuge—Second SUrVeySsasiesnescvennereidrngerees daneames 439

RVI CONTENTS.

CHAPTER L.

PAGE The fourth township—Adolphustown—A fter Duke of Cambridge—Quantity of Land—Survey—Major VanAlstine—Refugees—From New York— —Time—Voyage—Theit Fare—Names—Arrived—Hagerman’s Point— In Tents—First Settler—Town Plot—Death—The Burial—A Relic— Commissary—Dispute of Surveyors—The Settlers—All things in com- mon—An aged man—Golden rule—Old map—Names—Islands—The township—Price of land—First “town meeting:’—-Minutes—The Of- ficers Record—Inhabitants, 1794—-Up. to 1824—First Magistrates— Centre of Canada—Court Held in Barn—In Methodist Chapel—“ A Den of: Thieves "—Court House’ erected—Adolphustown. Ganadians——Mem- bers of Parliament—The Courts—Where first held+-Hagerman—Travel-

ers tarrying at' Adolphustown ..... baderh eoArcil as ee Weld sls « 448

CHAPTER LI,

Maryieiigti2orivinld one part of a Seigniory—Survey—Hessians—Old map—The lots—Officers of the 84th Regt.—Original landowners— Indian Point—McDonnell’s Cove—Grog Bay— Accommodating Bay”

— Gammon Point”—Black River—“ Long Point’—Reserves—Course purstied by the Surveyor—Number of Hessians—Their sufferings—Dark tales—Discontented—Returning to Hesse—A suitable location—Not U.

E, Loyalists—Received land gratis—Family land—Their habits—Capt. McDonnell—Squire Wright—Sergt. Harrison—The Smith’s—Grant to Major VanAlstine—Beautiful Scenery—Smith’s bay—“ The Rock”— Over a precipice.......... Menee cane Ge Re ey gacpupr es sinker h ets eet vee 458

CHAPTER LU.

Sixth. towns aimee ronveniant for geHlernantr —First gettlers ee towpahitp — What was paid for lotg—« Late pereline Tit olog ical pramation— Alona the, fone hs ane Goan ae history Me arsh front—Central pla Ch = tic Hill—Foster’s Hill—Northport—Trade—James Cotter—Gores— ae érestville—The name— Sodom”—First ‘records—Township meetings —The Laws of the township—Divided into parishes—Town clerk— Officers—The poor—The committee—Inhabitants, 1824—Fish Lake— Seventh Township—The name—Survey by Kotte—At the Carrying Place—Surveyor’s assistant—No early recorc’s—First settlers..... oes 465

“ ‘CHAPTER LIT

Prince Edward—The name-4Rich ‘land—Size of peninsula—Shape—Small Lakes—Sand hilis—The Duvks—Gibson’s rock—The past—First settler—Col. Young—Prospecting=sDiscovery of East Lake-—West Lake—Moving in—Settlers in 1800—East Lake—Capt. Richardson—

“ Prince Edward Division Bill”—Office seekers+-Township.of Hallowelt +The name-+F ormation of Township—First records 1798—+The officers —The laws--Magistrates—-Picton+Its, origin-~Halloweii village—Dr. Austin—Gen.| Picton+-His monument—Naming the villages—-A eon- test—The Oourt house—An offer—Enterprise—Proposeed steamboat pi averse th Mr. amet amar ‘Mr. Fraser—Rey. Mr; Lalor... 476

CONTENTS. XXvii

CHAPTER LIV.

Eighth Township— Sidney— Name—Survey —Settlement, 1787— iJetter from Ferguson— Trading— Barter— Potatoes— Building— Cows-—No salt to spare—First settlers—Myers—Re-surveying—James’ Farley— Town Clerk at: first rapeti natty Anat Keteheson—Gilbert’s Cove— Coming to the front—River Trent—Old names—Ferry—-Bridge—Tren-

ton—lIts settlement—Squire Bleeker........scseresevenssecceresere 485

CHAPTER LV.

Ninth town—Thurlow—Name—When surveyed—Front—Indian burying ground—QOwner of first. lots—Chisholm—Singleton--Myers=-F erguson — Indian traders—To Kingston in batteau—Singleton’s death—Ferguson’s death—Distress of the families—Settled, 1789—Ascending the Moira— Taking possession of land—Fifth concession—John Taylor—Founder of Belleville—Myers buying land—Settlers upon the front—Municipal record—Town officers—1798—Succeeding years—Canifton, its founder —Settling—The diet—Building mill—Road—River, Moira—Origin of name—LHarl Moira-—Indian, name—lIndian. offering —‘,Cabojunk ”— Myers’ saw-mill—Place not attractive-—First bridge—The flouring-mill —Belleville—Indian , village—Myers’ Creek—-Formation of, village— First Inn—-Permanent. bridge-——Bridge, Street—In. 1800—-Growth--A. second mill-—MeNahbb’s—Sad death—Captain McIntosh—Petrie—In- habitants, 1809-—Dy. Spareham-—Naming of Belleville—Bella, Gore— By Gore, in council—Petition—Extract: from Kingston Gazette—Sur- veying ; reserve—Wilmot—Mistakes—Granting of lots-—Conditions— Board of Police—Extent of Belleville—Muddy streets—Inhabitants in 1824—Court-house—First Court, Quarter Sessions—Belleville in 1836, 489

CHAPTER LVI.

Tenth township—Richmond—Origin—Quantity of land—Shores of Mo- hawk Bay—Village on south shore—Original, land holders—Names— Napanee—the falls—The mill—Salmon River—Indian name—Source of Napanee River—Its course—Colebrook—Simeoe , Falls—Name— Clarke’s Mills—Newbutgh—Academy—The _settlers— Clarkville”— --No BOCOLGS odo. 8 ose es waetad SR TIN pel Pel ames Mi deieeceenvTeetcke 503

ni aA 4 j a ‘ ' TSG

DIVISION, IX. SHE -BARLY GOVERNMENT OF CPPER-CANADAL | —-)0\0\

oe Tae > 1 CRAPPER EVIE | 7 (HiGUaoby NPB --DABA Pabilies Sh. Sf BIGGIE Cert TiVO p7As

Military ‘rule Imperial » Act;'17744French Canada—Refugees—Military Government in Upper Canada—New: Districts—Lunenburgh+—Meck- lenburgh—-Nassan--Hesse— The Judges~Duncan—Cartwright-Ham ilton—-Robertson—Court in Mecklenburgh—Civil Law—Judge-Duncan —JudgeCartwright—Punishment inflicted--First| execution—New Constitutibn. of 'Quebec—1791, ‘Quebec ' Bill!’ passed—-Inhabitants of Upper Canada... .ccccccvccvcsvecs Fab eve es CResv E ObSBEL Meee vege. OOD

XXVili CONTENTS.

CHAPTER. LVIIT,.

PAGR Simcoe—His arrival in Canada—Up the St. Lawrence—An old house— ‘ Old Breeches’ River”—Simcoe’s attendants—The old veterans— ‘Good old cause ’—“ Content ’—Toasting—Old officers—Executive Council of Upper Canada—First entry—Simcoe inducted to office— Religious ceremony—“ The proceedings ”"—Those present—Oath of office—Orga~ ization of Legislative Council—Assembly—Issuing writs for éléctions. -Members of Council—Simcoe’s difficulty—At Kingston Division of Province—The Governor's officers—Rochfoucault upon Simcoe—Sinicoe’s surroundings—His wife—Opening Parliament in 1795—Those present—Retinue—Dress—The nineteen counties—Sim- coe’s designs—Visit of the Queen's father—At Kingston—Niagara—A

WOE CRTOR cnc chee aricees © LeUge deneRaceecreties SPs eas ee she erees oe. 509

‘CHAPTER LIX.

General Hunter—Peter Russell++Francis' Gore, 1806—-Alex. Grant—Brock —1812—United ‘States declare: war—-Prompt.action—Parliament—-Pro- clamation—The issue—Second proclamation—-General Hull-—His: pro- clamation——Bombast) and; impertinence--The . Indians—Proclamation answered—Hull a) prisoner-+Michigan :conquered—To! Niagara—At Queenston heights— Push on» York: Volunteers:’—+Death | of Brock McDonnell—War of 1812, the Americans—Extract from Merritt—What Canadians did—Brock’s monument—General Sheaffe—General Drum- mond—Invading the States+What Oanada will do-——Lord Sydenham —A tribute by Dr. Ryerson—Union of the Provinces........ WVeosseg SIT

CHAPTER LX. |

Kingston—First capital—Fitst act of goverhment—Ntiagara—Selecting ‘the capital—Niagara ih 1788—Carrying place—Landing place—Newark— In 1795—Mr, Hamilton—The ‘ inhabitants—Little York— fhe Don— The Harbor—Survey—De la Trenche—London—Inhabitants of the Don—Yonge street, a military road—Governor at York—Castle Frank —York in 1798—The Baldwins—In 1806—Buffalo—York, 1813— Taken by the Americans—The Combatants—Toronto—“ Muddy York ” —A monument required.... ccc. e cece ee renee eens ees iinepas: O86

.«<. CHAPTER LXI,.

Parliament—Simcoe’s Proclamation—Nineteen, counties formed—Names and boundaries—First elections—Names of members—Officers of the House—A Quaker member—Chaplain—-Meeting of Parliament—The Throne, a camp stool—Address—To both houses—Closing address— Acts passed——Simcoe’s confidential letters—A,contrast--A blending— and,Session—-The Acts-——Quarter Sessions—srd, 4th, 6th Sessions—-New division.of Province—1798-——-Modes of puhishment—Burning the hand —Whipping—Salaries of. officers--Revenue first year—The members of . Parliament—Education—Offering for.Parliament—A “ Junius "—Early administration, of justice‘ Heaven-born, lawyers”—First magistrates. 533

*

CONTENTS. XxX

DIVISION X. THR BARLY MILITIA OF UPPER CANADA,

CHAPTER LXII,

Militia Act, 1792—-Simcoe—No faith in the Americans—His views—Mili- tary Roads—Division of Districts—Military purposes—The ofticers— Legislation—The expenses—Repeated Legislation—Aggressive spirit —The Enrolment—Hastings Battalion— Something brewing ’’—List of Officers—Col, Ferguson—Col. Bell—Leeds Militia—Officers’ clothing —The Midland District—Prince Edward—Training Places,,.......+. 534

PAGE

CHAPTER LXIII,.

In 1812, around Bay Quinte—The declaration of war—The news at King- ston—The call to arms—Hastings—Events at Kingston—In 1813— Attack upon Sacket’s- Harbor—Oswego—Amierican’ fleet before King- ston—Royal George—_Kingston prepared—Chrysler’s farm—A “ Post- script”—Along the St. Lawrence-—Ribaldry--The Commissary——Capt. Wilkins—Quakers—Rate of pay—American prisoners—The Wounded — Surgeons, Dougal, Meacham —Jonathan Phillips — Militiamen’s reward— Militia orders—Parliamentary grants .....00.eceeceveseeee 551

CHAPTER LXIV. °

The Six Nations in 1812—American animus—“ Manifest Destiny ’—Mo- hawk Indians—A right to detend their homes— Inconsistency — American savages— Extract. from,..Playter— Brock’s proclamation— Indian character, conduct, eloquence—Deserters in 1812—Few of them—Court-martials-—-The attempts at conquest by the Americans The numbers—Result of war—Canadians saved the country—And can do 807-F raternal kindness eeoreea terete te eweee > epee eee ere dec gedkus 564

DIVISION, XI. ares ADVANCE OF CIVILIZATION. or hb ‘gnizol)—carcton Ba te eA loon

Canada’s first ‘step in‘ civilization—Slavety ‘in’ 'A'merica—-By whom intro- duced—False chatge—Slayery in Canada History—ITmperial ‘Act. Legislation Be pare several’ clauses —In Lower Canada i. Justice Osgood—Slavery at the Rebellion Amiong thé U. B: Loyalists —Those whd''held slaves Déscdndants of the ‘slaves=" A’ Britigh slave” —“'For sale” — Endian slave” Upper’ Canada’s” Record Compared with the States—Liberty—Why the United States abol- ished slavery—Honor to whom honor is due...... tinavibierenbeatecesis 569

CHAPTER LXVI;

Returns to the Pioneer---Bay »Region-——Garden,, of; Canada—Clogs—False

views of .settlers—-Result—New blood—-Good. example—Anecdote— The “Family Compact”-—Partiality--Origin of the Compact—Their conduot—The evil they did—A proposed Canadian Aristocracy— What it. would , have led|to--What may. come“ Peter Funke”. iy. 60... ces

CHAPTER LXVII.

Agriculture—Natural Products—Ricé—Ginséng—Orchards—Plows—Reap-

ing—Flax—Legislation—Agricultural Society organized by Simcoe— A Snuff Box—+-Fogies—Silver—W ant of help~-Midland District taking

the lead—Societies— Legislative help—Prince Hdward—Pearl Ashes—-

Factories+-Tanneries—- Breweries, Carding» Machines—Paper—-Lumber — First vehicles —Sleighs— Waggons— Home-made — Ro: First Public Conveyancds—Stages- Pore-ssBulldieg Greater-Sawing Mills introduced by the Dutch—Ficét. Brick Building—Myers’. House—Its past, history—Furniture. from Albany — Gairrendy — Paper “Money Banks—First, Merchants—Buarter—Pedlars—On the Bay........see0s

CHAFTER LXVIII.

Steam vessels—Crossing the Atlantic in 1791—First Steam Vessel—Hud-

son—The second on the St, Lawrence—First across the Atlantic—— In Upper Canada—rontenac—Built in Ernesttown—The Builders Finkle’s Poimt—Cost of Vessel—Dimensions—Launched—First Trip —Captain McK enzie—‘Watk-in-the, Water’—Queen Charlotte-—How Built —Upon Bay Quinté—Capt. Dennis——First year—Death of Dennis— Henry Gilderslieve—What he :did—Other Steam boats-—Canals—First in Upper. Canada—Welland Canal_DesijardinRideau—tts object— Col. .By--A proposed Canal—Railroads—The first ‘in ‘the, world—Pxo0- posed Railway from Kingston to Toronto, 1846—In Prince Edward

District—Increase of Population—Extract from Dr, Lillie—Compazi- ;

son with the United States—Favorable to Canada—False Cries—The French—Midland District, 1818 ...... ccccsececees ceva ceertecs geiete

DIVISION XII. ‘THE UNITED EMPIRE) LOYALISTS—THE “FATHERS OF UPPER CANADA.

CHAPTER LXIX.

Definition—A division—Their principles—Our position—Ancestry —Dutch

= Puritans—Huguerots—New Rochelle—English writers—Talbot— ‘Falsehoods—Canadian and English -ancestry—Howison—Maligner— Gourlay’s reply—Palatines—Old names ..........00 ccsevevess

eeeeve

PAGS

580

587

616

« OONTENTS.

CHAPTER LXX.

Yharacter—Hospitality —At home—Fireside—Visitors—Bees— Raisings— Easter Eggs—Dancing— Hovington House—Caste— Drinks—Horse- racing—Boxing— Amusements—La Crosse—Duels— Patriotism—An- nexation—Freedom—Egotism—The Loyalists—Instances—Longevity —Climate of Canada—A quotation—Long lived—The children—The present race—A nationality—Comparison—“ U. B, Loyalist” —Their Privileges—Order of Council—Dissatisfaction,...... cece eerticceees

CHAPTER LXXI,

Notice of a Few—Booth—Brock—Buiritt+Cotter—. Cartwright—Conger’

— Cole— Dempsey —+ Detlor— Fraser— Finkle-— Fisher — Fairfield—~ Grass-~-Gamble—Hagerman+Johnscn’s —‘ Bill” _ Johnson—Macaulay —The Captive,Christian’\Moore— ParHament~ Morden Robilins — Simon —:Van Alstine — Wallbridge — Chrysler —White — Wilkins Stewart — Wilson—Metcalf— J ayne-—MoIntosh—Bird—Gerow— Van-

‘Mtetk-Rerrss4Otr ‘William sanbeale niles eee pure se te wbles 4 Pues

APPENDI Ks ;

”

Roll of the and Battalion King’s Royal Regiment . edb Bh-oedhasrpn’s 0% perce The Governors of Canada. degli rere eer eer cere eee ;

Indian Govds eeeove Tad teeeee veep ps 4 es ovkiaes: wogeesg Tete sews sage pans oe

* bane Jorma bowlbiii--stosme's

Xxxi

PAGB

624

1642

667 670 671

ERRATA.

Page 29, 12th line from top, instead of “1859,” read “ 1759.” Page 80, 4th line from botton, instead of “ are equally,” read “ were equally.”

Page 102, 16th line from bottom, instead of “removed to the bAemen read ‘to the fifth town,”

Page 104, instead of “ Hodgins,” read “ Hudgins.”

Page 104, 16th line from top, instead of “ 1859,” read “ 1809.”

Page 130, 4th line, 2nd paragraph, instead of “South,” read “ North.” Page 138, heading of page should be “ Voyaging.”

Page 192, bottom line, instead of “ dispersed,” read “ dispossessed.” Page 257, 19th line, “ gloomy,” read “ glowing.”

Page 288, 19th line, “ glowing a picture,” should have “ of” following. Page 293, instead of “ Wesleyanism,” read “ Wesleyans.”

Page 371, 14th line, instead of “1815,” read “ 1615.”

Page 437, 10th line from bottom, instead of “ Lawer,” read “ Lawyer.” Page 585, 15th line, after “ Governor,” read they were generally.

Page 596, 3rd line, after “ often,” read inferior.

HISTORY

or

THE SETTLEMENT OF UPPER CANADA,

WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BAY OF QUINTS.

CHAPTER. I.

INTRODUCTION.

A SKETCH OF FRANCO-CANADIAN HISTORY,

Contents— Antiquarianism — Records of the Early Nations— Tradition — Ihe Press—The Kastern: World—The Western World—Importance of History— Columbus— Colonization— Canada— America— Cartier— French , Canadian writers —Cartier’s first visit — Huguenots —Cartier’s second visit— Jean Francois—Sir George E. Oartier—Establishment ofthe Fur Trade—Cham- plain—Discovery of Lake Ontario—Bay of Quinté—Quebec founded—First fighting with Indians—First taking of Quebec by the British—Returned to France--The ‘Recollets and Jesuits—Death “of Champlain—Foundation of Montreal—Emigration from, France—The Carignan Regiment— DeCourcelle —Proposal to found a Fort at Lake Ontario—Frontenac—Fort at Cataraqui —La Salle—Fort at Niagara— First vessel upon the Likes —Its fate —Death of La Salle, the first settler of Upper Canada—Founder of Louisi- ana—Discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi.

There exists, as one characteristic of the nineteenth century, n earnest desire on the part of m..ay to recall, and, in-mind, to live ver the days and years that are past; and many there are who ccupy more or less of their time in collecting the scattered relics f by-gone days—in searching among the faded records of departed ears, to eagerly catch the golden sands of facts which cling to egendary tales, and to interpret the hieroglyphics which the foot- teps of time have well-nigh worn away. To this fact many a useum can bear ample testimony. The antiquarian enjoys intense atisfaction in his labors of research, and when he is rewarded by he discovery of something new, he is but*stimulated to renewed xertion. In the old world rich fields have been, and are now being xplored ; and in the new laborers are not wanting.

2 DISCOVERY OF AMERIOA,

Since the days when man first trod the virgin soil of this globe, he has ever been accustomed to preserve the more important events of his life, and, by tradition, to hand them down to his chil- dreus’ children; and likewise has it been with communities and nations. Kvery people who are known to have occupied a place upon the earth, have left some indication of their origin, and the part they played in the world’s great drama. In recent days, facts pertaining to nations and particular individuals are preserved in all their amplitude, through the agency of the Press. But’in forme» centuries, only a few symbols, perhaps rudely cut in solid stone, commemorated events of the most important kind. The historians of Nastern nations have had to look far back into the misty past, to loarn the facts of their birth and infant days; while the dark days of barbarism hang as a thick veil to obstruct the view. The middle ages, like a destructive flood, swept away, to a great extent, the records previously in existence. But out of the debris has been exhumed many a precious relic; and the stone and the marble thus obtained, have supplied valuable material on which to base trust- worthy history.

In recordiug the events which belong to the Western world— this broad American continent—the historian has far less of toil and research to undergo. It is true the native Indian, who once proudly ruled the vast extent of the new world, has a history yet undeveloped, An impenetrable cloud obscures the facts appertain- ing to his advent upon this continent. The nature of his origin is buried in the ocean of pre-historic time. But in reference to the occupation of America by Europeans, the subjugation and gradual extermination of the Indian, the life of the pioneer, the struggles for political independence, the rapid growth and development of nations; all these results, embraced within the space of a few centuries, are freely accessible to the American historian.

The importance of history cannot be questioned; the light it affords is always valuable, and, if studied aright, will supply the student with material by which he may qualify himself for any position in public life. In the following chapters it is intended to draw attention more particularly to the new world, and to examine a few pages in the history of North America.

In the absence ofeany data upon which to base statements relating to the aborigines, we may say the history of the new world begins with the memorable and enterprising adventures of

* Christopher Columbus, in 1492; although there is evidence that

CANADA—AMERICA, 3

America had been previously visited by the people of Northern Europe, about the year 1000, The steady%flow of emigrants which commenced a century later, from the old world to the new, of bold, energetic people, is a spectacle of grand import.

Almost every nation of Europe has contributed to the coloniza- tion of America. All, however, were not at first actuated by the same motives in braving the perils of the deep—then far greater than at the present day—and the dangers of the wilderness. The Spaniards were searching for the precious gold. The English desired to acquire territory; the Dutch sought to extend their commerce; and the French, it is said, were, at first, intent only on converting the pagan Indians to Christianity.—(Garneau.) Space will not permit to trace the course of events in connection with the first settlements in America; the history ofthe several colonies, the bloody Indian wars, the contentions between the different colonizing people, the rebellions of the colonies and their achieve- ment of independence. We shall mainly confine ourselves to those events which led to, and accompanied the settlement of Upper Canada.

Canada, the coast of which was first discovered by John Cabot, in 1497, is an honorable name, far more so than America. It has been a cause of complaint with some that the United States should appropriate to their exclusive use the name of America, But it is quite right they should enjoy it. It is after a superficial impostor, Amerigo Vespucci, who availed himself of. the discoveries ot Columbus, to vaunt himself into renown.

The word Canada is most probably derived from an Iroquois word, signifying Cabin. It has been stated on the authority of a Castilian tradition, that the word was of Spanish origin. The Spaniards, looking after gold, ascended the St. Lawrence, but failing | to find the precious metal, exclaimed “ Aca nada,” (Here is nothing. ) The natives hearing the land thus called, when Europeans again visited them, upon being asked the name of their country, replied “Canada,” in imitation of the Spaniards. Again, Father Hennepin asserts that the Spaniards, upon leaving the land, gave it the appel- lation “El Cape di nada,” (Cape nothing,) which in time became changed into Canada. But Charlevoix, in his “ Histoire de la Nou- velle France,” says that Canada is derived from the Iroquois word “Kannata,” pronounced Canada, which signifies “love of cabins.” Duponcion, in the ‘Transactions of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia,” founds his belief of the Indian origin of the name

4 JACQUES CARTIER,

Canada, on the fact that, in the translation of the Gospel by St. Matthew into the Mohawk tongue, by Brant, the word Canada is always made to signify a village, Taking the whole matter into consideration, there appears the best of reasons to conclude that Canada, a name now properly bestowed upon the Dominion, is of Indian origin, and signifies the country of a people who are accustomed to live in villages or permanent cabins, instead of in tents and constantly changing from one place to another,

The history of French Canada is one of unusual interest—from the time Jacques Cartier, in 1534, with two vessels of less than 60 tons burden each, and 122 men in all, entered for the first time the Gulf of St. Lawrence—up to the present day. It was not until the first decade of the 17th century, nearly a hundred years after Cartier first landed, that successful colonization by the French was accomplished, Nevertheless, Canada has as carly a place among the colonies of America as New Netherlands or Virginia, which are the oldest States of the neighboring Union. Virginia was planted in 1608; New Netherlands (now New York,) was not settled until 1614, Prior to that, in 1609, Hudson had ascended the river now bearing his name, as far as the present site of Albany; but at the same time the intrepid Champlain was travers- ing the wilds of the more northern part of the territory to the south of Lake Ontario.

Although the history of New France is one of great interest, yet, in this local history, space can only be allowed to glance at the course of events in connection therewith. But French Canada is not in danger of suffering for want of historians to pen the events of her life, Already enthusiastic countrymen have done justice to the patriotism, valor and ability of the Franco-Canadian race. And, at the present time, earnest workers are in the field, searching among the records of the past, stowed away in Paris, with the view of making known all that can be learned of their sires. We find no fault with the intense love they bear to their language, their laws, their religion, their institutions generally. Such is characteristic of a high-spirited race; and, as common Canadians we rejoice to have so devoted a people to lay with us the foundation of our northern Dominion.

It has already been said that Jacques Cartier first landed in Canada in 1534, At this time the pent up millions of Europe, lying in a state of semi-bondage, were prepared to strike off the chains which had hitherto bound them, both in mind and body, to

FIRST WINTER IN CANADAT 5

the select ones, who claimed that prerogative, as of Divine origin, and to avail themselves of the vast territory which Columbus had recovered from oblivion, Then was the future pregnant with events of the most startling nature—events fraught with interests of the most collossal magnitude. While America was to open up a new field for active labor, wherein all might pluck wealth, the art of printing, so soon to be in active operation, was to emancipate the inind, and cast broadly the seeds of universal liberty, Already was being broken the fallow ground, in the rich soil of which was to germinate the great truths of science,

In May, 1535, Cartier set out on his second voyage to the New World, in La Grande Hermion,” a vessel of 110 tons, accompanied by two other vessels of smaller size, with 110 men altogether, Reaching Labrador in July, he on St, Laurence Day entered St, John’s River; and thus arose tho name of St. Lawrence, afterward applied to the mighty river now bearing that name, Guided by two natives, Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the Isle d’Orleans, where hé was received by the Indians in a friendly spirit, Cartier having determined to stay the winter, moored his vessels in the St, Charles River, with the Indian village of Stada- coné upon the heights above him, The same autumn he ascended with a small party to visit Hochelaga, now Montreal. Here he found a considerable village of fifty wooden dwellings, each fifty paces long, and twelve and fifteen broad, This village was fortified, An aged and withered chief accorded Cartier a distiuguished reception ; after which Cartier ascended to the top of the mountain, to which he gave the name Mont Real, or Royal Mount, a name subsequently givén to the village which has become the commercial capital of the Dominion, and which is destined to rival even New York.

Cartier’s stay in Canada during the winter was attended with much distress, and the loss by death of twenty-six of his men; while most of the rest were almost dying, being, it is related, saved by the medical skill of the natives. In the Spring he returned to France, carrying with him several Indians, It was five years later before another’ visit was made to Canada, owing to the civil and religious wars existing in France. It was the cruel laws enacted and put in force at this time in France that expatriated so many noble Huguenots who were dispersed throughout Great Britain, Ireland, and afterward America, the blood of whom yet flows in the veins of many of the descendents of the loyal refugees from the rebelling States of America. In the Summer of 1541

6 , FAILURE TO COLONIZU.

Cartier again set sail for the St. Lawrence. He was to have been accompanied by one Jean Francois de la Roque, a brave and faithful servant of the king, to whom had been conceded the privilege of raising a body of volunteers to form a permanent settlement upon the St. Lawrence. But unforseen difficulties prevented his sailing until the following year. In the meantime Cartier, to whom had been given command, with five ships, had, after a tedious passage, reached Canada, and ascended to Quebec, The intending colonizers immediately went ashore and commenced the work of clearing the land for cultivation, The winter was passed in safety, but in the spring, tired of waiting for the Governor, who ought to have fol- lowed him the year before, and discovering signs of hostility on the part of the savages, he determined to return to France. So he embarked all the men and set sail. Before he had reached the — Atlantic, however, he met la Roque, with some two hundred more | colonists, who desired Cartier to return, but he continued his course to France. Jean Francois landed safely at Quebec. In the autumn he sent home two vessels for provisions for the following year, while he prepared to undergo the severity of the coming winter, a season that brought severe trials, with the death of fifty of his men, The following year he set out with seventy men to seek fresh discoveries up the river, but he was unsuccessful. France; again immersed in war, paid no attention to the request for succor in the New World, but ordered Cartier to bring back the Governor, whose presence as a soldier was desired. With him returned all the colonists. Thus the attempt to establish a settlement upon the St, Lawrence failed, not, however, through any want of courage, or ability on the part of Cartier, the founderof Canada. The name thus immortalized and which disappeared from the history of Canada for many years, again occupies a place. And, Sir George Etienne Cartier, of to-day, although not a lineal descendent of the first Cartier, holds a position of distinction; and, as one who has assisted in effecting the Cc .federation of the provinces, his name will ever stand identified, as his great predecessor and name- Sake, with the history of our Canada,

In 1549, Jean Francois a second time, set out for Canada with his brother, and others, but they all perished on the way, This disaster prevented any further immediate attempt at settlement in Canada,

The commencement of the seventeenth century found France again in a state suitable to encourage colonial enterprize, and she;

CHAMPLAIN—FOUNDATION OF QUEBEC. 7

in common with other European nations was directing her attention to the yet unexplored New World. At this time one Pont-Gravé, a merchant of St. Malo, conceived the idea of establishing a fur trade between Canada and France; and to this end he connected himself with one Chauvin, a person of some influence at court, who succeeded in obtaining the appointment of governor to Canada, with a monopoly of the peltry traffic, These two adventurers, with a few men, set out for Canada, but arrived in a state of destitution. Chauvin died, while the others were preserved alive by the kind- ness of the natives, Chauvin was succeeded by De Chastes, Governor of Dieppe; and Captain Samuel Champlain, who had distinguished himself as a naval officer, was appointed to command. an expedition about to proceed to the New World.

The name of Champlain is indelibly fixed upon the pages of Canadian history. It was he who traversed trackless forests, ascended ,the most rapid rivers, discovered the Lake of Ontario, by way of Bay Quinté, and gave his name to another lake. It was in 1603 that Champlain set out upon his voyage, He had but three small vessels, it is said, of no more than twelve or fifteen tons burden. He ascended as far as Sault St. Louis, and made careful observations. He prepared a chart, with which he returned to France. The king was well pleased with his report, and De Chaste having died, Governor de Monts succeeded him, to whom was granted, exclusively, the fur trade in Canada, But their operations were confined, at first, to Acadia, now Nova Scotia. In 1607 De Monts abandoned Acadia and directed his attention to Canada, Obtaining from the king a renewal of his privileges, he appointed Champlain his lieutenant, whom he despatched with two vessels. The party arrived at Stadaconé, on the 3rd of July. The party commenced clearing land where the lower town of Quebec now stands, and erected cabins in which to live. Having determined to make this the head-quarters of his establishment, he proceeded to build a fort. Thus was founded the ancient capital of Canada upon the Gibraltar of America. The powers granted to Champlain were ample, whereby he was enabled to maintain order and enforce law. During the well nigh one hundred years that had passed away since Cartier attempted to colonize, great changes, it would seem, had taken place among the Indians. Altogether different tribes occupied the Laurentian valley; and the former Indian villages of Stadoconé, and Hochelaga had been entirely destroyed, Champlain found the Indians of this place, the Algonquins, at

8 DISCOVERY OF LAKE ONTARIO,

enmity with other tribes to the west, the Iroquois. The Algonquin: were glad to form an alliance with him against their long standing enemy. It suited the purpose of Champlain to thus ally himself; but the policy may well be.questioned; at all events it inaugurated along course of warfare between the French and the Iroquois, which only terminated when Canada became a British dependency, He, no doubt, was ignorant of the great power and superiority of

the confederated five nations which formed the Iroquois people. —

The first encounter between Champlain and the Indians took place

the 29th of July, 1609, by the lake which now bears his name, — which had been known by the Indians as Lake Corlar.. The —

Iroquois, who had never before seen the use of fire-arms, were naturally overwhelmed with surprise at this new mode of warfare,

by which three of their chiefs were suddenly stricken to the earth;

and they beat a hasty retreat, leaving their camp to the pillage of |

the enemy. The following year Champlain again set out with his Indian allies, and a second time drove them from the well contested field by the use of fire-arms. It was on this occasion he first met the Hurons, which were to become such fast allies, until almost exterminated. But the time came when the Iroquois, supplied with arms and trained to their use, by the Dutch, became better able to cope with the French. In 1612 Count de Soissons succeeded De Monts. Champlain, who was again engaged in war, was at the same time endeavoring to advance the peltry traffic, a trade that had many vicissitudes, owing to the changing opinions at home, and the uncertain support of merchants. He commenced the erection of a fort at Montreal, and formed an alliance with the Huron Indians.

In the year 1615, the Iroquois were collected near the foot of Lake Ontario, a body of water as yet unseen by Europeans. At the request of the Indians, it has been said Champlain set out to attack them, after having ascended the Ottawa. The course ‘taken by him, and the disastrous result are given in connec- tion with the discovery of the Bay Quinté. The year 1628 saw Canada, as well as the colony of Florida, pass under the power of the ‘Company of the Hundred Partners.” The same year saw Quebec in a state of great distress, the inhabitants almost starving, and a fleet of British war vessels at the entrance of the St. Law- rence demanding the surrender of the fort. War was then existing between England and France, arising out of the intestine war of Keance, between the Huguenots and the Catholics, which had

FOUNDATION OF MONTREAL. 9

resulted in the subjugation of the former, many of whom had sought refuge in England and entered her service. Two of the vessels now threatening French Canada were commanded by Huguenots, one Captain Michel; the other David Kertk. The latter demanded tho surrender of Quebec, but Champlain concealed the great straits to which he was reduced and bravely withstood the famine and cold through the long winter, in the hopes of relief in the spring, which was destined never to feach him. Instead of relief, the spring brought three vessels of war, commanded by Kertk’s, two brothers, Louis and Thomas. The demand to sur- Tender could no longer be refused, and upon the 29th July, 1618, the English took possession of Quebec. Louis Kertk became Governor, while Uhamplain accompanied Thomas Kertk to Europe. Quebec remained in British possession until the treaty of St: German-en-Laye, signed 29th March 1632, by which England renounced all claims upon New France. :

Quebec was governed by Louis Kertk during the three years it was in possession of England, and he returned it to the French, it was alleged, a heap of ruins. On the ensuing year, the “ Hun- dred Partners” resumed their sway, and Champlain was re-ap- pointed Governor, who came with much pomp and took possession of Fort St. Louis with the beating of drums. Hereafter emigration from France was accelerated. Even some of the higher classes sought in Canada, repose from the troubles incident to religious and domestic war, although Catholics. The Jesuits were” now

‘superseding the order of Recollets, and were earnestly seeking to convert the Hurons; and at the same to secure their trusty allegi- ance. For two years prosperity continued to smile upon the pro- vinee, and in 1635 the Jesuits laid the foundation stone of the College of Quebec. But the same year took from New France its chief and its greatest friend. Champlain died on Christmas day in Quebec, after “thirty years of untiring efforts to establish and extend the French possessions in America.” This great discoverer, and founder of Quebec left no children, his wife remained in Canada four years, when she returned to France.

Following the death of Champlain was the terrible onslaught by the Iroquois upon the Hurons, whom they entirely destroyed as anation, leaving but a remnant under the protection of the Fronch. In 1642 M.de Maisonneuve laid the foundation of Montreal, the village consisting of a few buildings with wooden palisades, was then called “ Ville-Marie.” Maisonneuve gathered here. the con- verted Indians to teach them the art of civilization.

10 GOVERNOR FRONTENAC.

The successor to Champlain was M. de Chateaufort: but we cannot continue to even sketch the history of the several Governors, and the successive steps in Canadian development only so far as they bear upon our subject.

In 1663 the population along the St, Lawrence numbered to between 2,000 and 2,500. In 1665 the number was increased by — emigration, and by the arrival of the Carignan regiment, a veteran body of men who became permanent settlers, and who aided much in controlling the Indians and maintaining the power of the French. The same year live stock was introduced, and horses for the first time were seeninCanada, About this time commenced, in earnest, the struggle between England and France for the supremacy of the fur trade. The viceroy, M. de Tracy, began to erect regular forts upon the Richeleu. In 1671 there wasa rendezvous of Indian Chiefs at Sault St. Marie, and through the influence of Father Allouez, the several tribes consented to become subjects of France. In the same year M. de Courcelles, now Governor, in pursuance of the attempt to govern the fur trade, conceived the idea of planting a fort at the foot of Lake Ontario. But he left before the work had commenced, and was succeeded by Louis de Buade, Conte de Frontenac, after whom the fort, subsequently erected, was called.

As the founder of the first settlement in Upper Canada, whose name is now so familiar, as belonging to a County, we may make space to say of Frontenac, that he was a gentleman of good birth, and had gained great distinction, having attained to the rank of Brigadier-General. He was somewhat proud and haughty, but condescending to his inferiors. His instructions from his master,the King, on coming to the Canada, were to secure the aggrandizement of France. Imigration in large numbers from France having been forbidden, he was to seek the increase of numbers in New France by stimulating early marriages. And to this day, the rate of increase by birth, among the French, is considerably greater than with the Anglo-Saxon.

He was to foster agriculture, the raising of stock, to increase the fishing operations, and the trade abroad; and he was instructed to take measures to construct a highway between Canada and Acadia, a plan which is only now about to be accomplished in the Intercolonial Railroad. Frontenac, likewise received very explicit instructions as to his procedure towards the Jesuits and Recollects; and he was charged “ to administer justice with the strictest impartiality.” The Colony being at peace, Frontenac’s principal difficulty was in dealing

FIRST LAND-HOLDER OF U. 0. 11

with the Church, and he found it necessary to take high-handed steps to bring the Clergy into subjection to the State. There had been for years a struggle with respect to the liquor traffic among the Indians ; the Bishops being opposed to it, while the Governor favored it for the purpose of furthering the trade in furs, The dissentions between parties became so great, and representations to the home authorities became so frequent and vexatious that Frontenac and the Intendant were both recalled in 1682. But during the ingumbency of Frontenac, explorations had continued in the west, and the fort at Cataraqui had been fully established ; and the Mississippi had been discovered by Pére Marquette and M. Joliet, in 1673. That same year Frontenac set out 29th of June, from Montreal, with an expedition for Cataraqui, arriving there 12th July. There was at this time one Robert Cavalier de la Salle, a native of Rouen, who had come to Canada when a young man, full of a project for securing a road by a northwestern passage to China. He was a man of ability and energy, but without means. But he managed to obtain the favorable notice of Governor Frontenac, who regarded him as a man after his own heart.

In the time of de Courcelles he opened a trading post near Mon- treal, now Lachine, so called from La Salle’s belief that a pathway to China would be found thence across the Continent by the waters of the Ottawa or Upper Lakes. The discovery of the Mississippi caused no little sensation in Canada; and La Salle lost no time in asking per- mission and assistance to continue the western explorations, declaring his belief that the upper waters of the Mississippi would, if followed to there source, lead to the Pacific Ocean. He consequently submitted 4 petition for a certain grant of land at Cataraqui to the king, Louis X. (See under history of Kingston.)

Thus it seems that La Salle, a name greatly distinguished in connection with the discovery of the mouth of the M ississippi, stands connected very intimately with the foundation of Kingston. For him a Seigniory was here erected, and from this point he went forth on his eventful voyage. He was a man of much energy and lost no time in setting out. His boats laden with goods, and likewise with material for constructing a brigantine, and a fort, set sail for the Niagara River. The first steps La Salle prepared to take was to erect 4 second fort at Niagara, and then to build his vessel upon the waters of Lake Erie.

The construction of the defensive work of the fort, however,

Suited not the views of the Indians, so he satisfied himself with a palisaded storehouse. In the winter the vessel was commenced, six

12 THE MISSISSIPPI.

miles above the Falls. By the middle of summer it was ready to be launched, which was done with a salute of cannon, and the chanting of a Te deum, amid great rejoicing. There was also great demonstra- tion among the Indians, who designated the French “ Otkou,” or ‘men of a contriving mind.” The vessel was named Griffon, and on the 7th August, 1679. with seven guns, and small arms, and loaded with goods she entered Lake Erie. A few day’s sail and Detroit, or the strait was reached $and on the 23rd August, she was cutting the waters of Lake Huron. In five days Michilmicinac was gained ; then the voyageur proceeded to the western shore of Michigan,where he cast anchor. The wonder of the Aborigines, as they witnessed this mounted craft, and heard the thunder tones of the cannon, may be conceived. But this first vessel upon the western lakes, which had at first so prosperous a voyage, was doomed to early destrnction. Men of enterprise and success invariably have to encounter enemies born of incapacity and jealousy, who in the absence of the victim, may sow the seeds of evil. La Salle had not a few of such enemies, it would seem, to encounter. After his departure his creditors had seized his possessions, and he, as soon as he heard of it, loaded the Griffon with peltries and despatched her for Niagara. But the Griffon never reached Detroit, the waters of Lake Huron swallowed her up, and all on board. La Salle proceeded with thirty men to the lower end of Lake Michigan, and laid the foundation of another fort. He then continued westward to the Illinois River, and formed still another fort. But this chain of forts thus established by La Salle, was not destined to accomplish the great end aimed at. Among the opponents of La Salle, were not only those jealous of his success, but likewise rival merchants, who were ill pleased to see the fur trade monopolized by one ; and then, there was the growing trade by the English. These many obstacles and the loss of his vessel with its cargo, and of a second one, in the Gulph of St. Lawrence, about this time, valued at £22,000, had the effect of seriously crippling him; yet his was a nature not easily overcome. Leaving Father Hennepin to explore the Illinois River and the Upper Mississippi, he set out March 2nd, 1680, for Montreal, accompanied by four whites and an Indian guide.

Two years later and the indomitable La Salle, nothing daunted, who had compounded with his creditors, and suffered repeated disap- pointments, is found traversing the forest,for the Mississippi, to descend that stream to its mouth, He reached the Mississippi, 6th Feburary, 1682. Descending the stream he stopped at the mouth of the Ohio

FRENCH TERRITORY, 1684, 13

to erect a fort. He then continued his easy course down the Father of rivers, and reached its mouth on the 5th April, and took formal possession of the territory in the name of the king, calling the place after him, Louisiana. The glory thus won by La Salle, was not to be crowned with the success, financially, that ought to have followed, At this juncture Governor Frontenac, seemingly the only friend La Salle had, was called home to be followed by M. de la Barre. A con- tinuation of the persecutions and misrepreseftations of his conduct, led to the sequestration of Fort Frontenac, as well as Fort St. Louis, and in the following year he was called upon to defend himself at tourt, which he was able to do. The result was an order to reinstate the founder of Louisiana on his return, in Fort Frontenac, and to re- pair all damages which his property had sustained in that locality. La Salle was graciously received by the king on account of his discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi, and was commissioned to begin a colonization of Louisiana. The same unfortunate luck con- tinued to attend him. He sailed July 24th, 1684, from La Rochelle with two ships of war and two other vessels, having some 500 persons in all. The fleet was commanded by M. de Beaujeu. Between the commander and La Salle, a misunderstanding arose which ended in decided aversion. One of the ships was captured by the Spaniards, and the others overpassed the mouth of the Mississippi by many leagues. The commander instead of assisting to carry out La Salle’s object, did all he-could to thwart him. One of the vessels was run upon the reefs and lost. Finally Beaujeu left La Salle with his people upon a desert shore without provision, and put out to sea. Although 120 leagues distant from the Mississippi, in Texas, La Salle set some of his people to cultivate the land, and began to construct a fort. But the craftsmen were deficient. The seed sown did not grow, the savages became troublesome, and one evil after another rapidly suc- ceeded until his men were mostly all dead. As a last resort La Salle determined to set out for Canada to proceed to France. It was early spring and the indomitable discoverer found but sloW progress ; at last some of those accompanying him, mutinied together and resorted to force, during which La Salle was mortally wounded. Thus per- ished the discoverer of the mouth of the Mississippi, the founder of Louisiana, as well as the first land owner of Upper Canada. It is worthy of note here how great was the territory of France in America at this time. It was a vast region, embracing within its limits the Hudson’s Bay territory, Acadia, Canada, a great part of Maine, por- tions of the States of Vermont and New York, with the whole of the

14 FRENCH FORTS.

valley of the Mississippi. And a great portion of this ought, to-day, to form part of Canada, some of which would, were it not for the indifference, or stupidity of English commissioners, and the con- temptible trickery of Americans, such as the act of concealing the fact of the existence of a certain map by Daniel Webster, which would prove adverse to his pretentions.

It has been deemed appropriate to follow La Salle in his steps, not alone because he was the first settler in Upper Canada, who held land property; but because we learn of the way in which the’French, originally struggling to gain a footing in the Lower St. Lawrence, gradually extended westward, carrying in one hand the Cross, and with the other, planting forts for the purpose of trade, and erecting such defences as the uncertain character of thenatives rendered neces- sary. We learn how it came, that fort after fort, whose ruins may yet be traced across the continent, were planted along a route which commenced at the mouth of the mighty St. Lawrence, extended along the western lakes, and then turning southward terminated at the mouth of the majestic Mississippi.

INDIANS DECEIVED. 15

INTRODUCTION.

(CONTINUBD,)

CHAPTER II.

Contents :—Cataraqui fort strengthened—-Kente Indians seized and carried cap- tive to France—Massacre of Lachine—Commencing struggle between New England and New France—-Siege of Quebec by Sir Wm. Phipps—Destruc- tion of Fort Cataraqui—Its re-erection—Treaty of Ryswick—Death of Fron- tenac—Iroquois in England—Another attempt to capture Quebec—Decline of French power—Population of Canada and of New England—Continuation of the contest for the fur trade—Taking of Fort Louisburg—Col. Washington, dishonorable conduct—Inconsistency of Dr. Franklin—Commencement of seven years’ war—Close of first year—Montcalm—His presentiment—Taking of Fort Oswego—Of Fort William Henry—fearful massacre—The state of Canada—Wolfe appears—Taklng of Frontenac—Duquesne—Apathy of France—The spring of 1759—Reduced state of Canada—The overthrow of French power in America—The result—Union of elements—The capture of Quebec—Wolfe—Death of Montcalm—F ort Niagara—Johnson-—Effort to re- take Quebec—Wreck of the French army—Capitulation at Montreal—Popu- lation—The first British Governor of Canada—The Canadians as British subjects—The result of French enterprise—Rebellion.

In 1685 Marquis DeNonville became Governor, and brought with him to Canada 600 regular troops. The Iroquois had become allies of the English, with whom they preferred to trade. DeNon- ville ascended to Cataraqui with two thousand men, Arrived at Cataraqui, he tried, by gentle means at first, to obtain certain terms from them, but the Iroquois were insolent, being supported by the English traders.. DeNonville wrote to Paris for more troops, and, in the mean time, proceeded to accumulate stores at Cataraqui, and to strengthen the fort at Niagara. The King sent to Canada, in 1687, 800 soldiers, to assist in subduing the Iroquois. DeNonville becoming bold, and in his increased strength, pursued a course of trickery which has been branded by all w~iters as anti- christian, and more savage than anything pertaining to the savages (so-called) of America. Pére Lamberville, a missionary among the Iroquois, caused a certain number of chiefs to congregate at Fort Frontenac, to confer with the governor, and when they were within the precincts of the fort they were seized and carried captive in chains, even to France, and there sent to the galleys. Draper says that these were Indians of the tribes called Ganneyouses and Kentes,

16 INDIAN MASSACRE,

and that about 40 or 50 men, and 80 women and children were seized, who were forwarded to France. The attitude of the Indians under such trying circumstances, towards the missionary among them, stands out in prominent contrast to the vile conduct of the French governor. The missionary, summoned by the chief, was thus addressed : “ We have every right to treat thee as our foe, but we have not the inclination to do so. We know thy nature too well; thine heart has had no share in causing the wrong that has been done to us. We are not so unjust as to punish thee for a crime that thou abhorrest as much as we.” Then the aged chief informed him that the young men of the tribe might not feel so lenient, and that he must leave, at the samo time causing him to be conducted by a safe path from their midst.

For a time DeNonville somewhat curbed the Iroquois; but in the end he failed completely to hold the ground which had pre- viously been acquired. For four years he continued to govern ; matters continually growing worse, until, in the spring of 1689, 1,400 Iroquois made an onslaught on the island of Montreal, The inhabitants, in the depth of sleep, knew nothing of their danger, until the fearful whoop and the bloody tomahawk and scalping knife were already at work. The butchery was most fearful; the cruelties to women and children most revolting, Besides those instantly killed, 200 were burnt alive, and others died under prolonged torture. This was called the massacre of Lachine. The governor was paralyzed, and no step was taken to redress the great evil.

It was under such circumstances that he was recalled, and superseded by De Frontenac, who had again been requested to be- come governor. Frontenac landed at Quebec on the 18th October, 1689, and was received with every demonstration of joy.

Frontenac entered upon his duties shortly before the renewal of hostilities between England and France. All of Protestant Europe, indeed, were enlisted in the war which had, to a great extent, arisen from the cruel course pursued by France towards the Huguenots. Frontenac, whose master foresaw the war, which was declared in the following year, brought with him full instructions to prepare for a vigorous warfare all along the frontier of New France, even to the Hudson Bay territory. By this time the Eng- lish settlements upon the Atlantic coast had attained to no incon- siderable strength, and were already engaging in trade by water, as well as with the Indians in peltries; and already it had become

°

FRONTIER LIFE, 17

a question of conquest by New England or by New France, The present juncture seemed one favorable for bold measures on the part of the Anglo-Americans. They had rapidly advanced in ma terial strength, while the French had rather declined, owing to the want of immigration and to the frequent destructive incursions of the Iroquois, The declaration of war between England and France, in June, 1689, saw the colonists prepared to contest the ground for supremacy, and monopoly of the fur trade, The French, notwith- standing their limited numerical strength, hesitated not to enter the field, and made up their want of numbers by superior and de- termined bravery. Before De Frontenac had arrived, everything was going on badly with the Canadians. M. DeNonville had, be- fore his departure, instructed Senor de Valreuve, commandant at Cataraqui, to blow up the fort, which had been accordingly done ; and the country abandoned to the Indians, who now ranged the country, to the very entrance of Montreal. But Frontenac deter- mined to take bold and active measures to carry the war into the enemies country, notwithstanding the odds against the French. Organized plans of attack, at different points, were arranged, one of which, in its carrying out, was quite as cruel and barbarous as he Lachine massacre, which it was intended, as afterwards stated, it should revenge. A party of French and Indians were led in the irection of Albany. On their way,one night, about eleven o’clock, hey attacked the sleeping town of Schenectady, and put the de- enceless inhabitants to the sword. Those acts cannot be justified in Europeans, and show the fearful spirit of barbarity which reigned in those early days of America. The effect produced by the bands f raiders that swept over the British colonies along the frontier, nd here and there, into the very interior, was salutary to the ench interests, and the spring saw the French flag much more espected. by the Indians than it had lately been: yet the Iroquois arnestly and boldly strove to carry death to the door of every Ca- adian hamlet. The energetic measures adopted by Frontenac rustrated all their attempts; yet it was unsafe for the husbandman go to the field, so that famine began to appear. The spring of 691 saw, however, instead of a repeated invasion of New England, Xtensive preparations in the latter country to invade Canada. Sir illiam Phipps was preparing to sail from Boston, with a squad- on, to capture ‘Quebec, and General Winthrop, with forces from nnecticut and New York, was mustering his militia, to invade y land. The latter marched to, and encamped upon, the banks of

18 FRUITLESS SIBGES OF QUEBEC,

Lake George, where he waited for the appearance of Phipps, by the St. Lawrence; but, in the meantime, disease attacked his troops, and he was obliged to retrace his steps to Albany. Scareely had Winthrop departed when the fleet under Phipps entered the waters of the St, Lawrence, and ascended, to invest the City of Quebec, appearing in sight on the 16th of October. Phipps demanded a surrender; but Frontenac, although with an inferior garrison and but few troops, gave a spirited refusal; and ultimately, before the close of the month, Phipps found it expedient to retire, Thus ter- minated the first siege of Quebec.

The ensuing four years presented one continuous scene of bor- der warfare. While hostilities in Kurope were exhausting the resources of France, Canada, under Frontenac, was more than holding its own. The British Americans vainly tried again to be- siege Quebec, making an attack by land; but each attempt was at- tended with disaster. Frontenac, recognizing the importance of Oataraqui as a place of defence, sent 700 men to re-erect the fort, In this he was opposed by the Intendant; M. de Champigny, and even by the home government; but he had the work completed in 1695, before orders came to abstain from erecting it. Frontenac had submitted a report giving the reasons why the fort should exist, namely: in time of peace for trade, and to repair hatchets and arms; and in time of war to afford a place of retreat, and to give succor and provisions; also a place to organize expeditions against the Iroquois, and to receive the sick and wounded on re- turning from expeditions, On the other hand, Do Champigny re- ported that the trade would not be much in time of peace, as the Iroquois would prefer to deal with the English, who would give more; that the Indian should carry the beaver skin to the French, not the French go for it; that the fort was out of the direct course of trade, some thirty or forty leagues; that the force necessary to carry provisions would at any time be capable of proceeding against the enemy. It would be better to take a more southerly course from Montreal into the enemy’s country, while Cataraqui is situated upon the opposite side of the lake; that it was an unfit place for sick and wounded, being “ very unhealthy, eighty-seven having died there in one year, out of the hundred who composed the gar- rison.”’ “The swamp poisons the garrison,’ which is so situated that it affords no protection except to the men within it, who might as well be in a prison. He counselled that the fort should be abandoned, as it was useless and expensive. Frontenac, however,

DEATH OF FRONTENAC, 19

having erected the fort, garrisoned it with 48 soldiers, The expense of re-establishing the fort and supplying the necessary provisions cost some £700, At this juncture the French had entertained the idea of calling in the outposts along the western lakes and upon the Mississippi, but it was represented that to do so was to open the way for the exclusive trade of the Indians with the English, But Frontenac advised no such measures. He, by his determined bravery, succeeded in bringing the Iroquois to respect the French namo, and he often carried fire and death into their very country. When the war terminated, the old boundaries of the Provinces had been fully re-established, and honors were conferred upon the gov- ernor by his royal master, In 1697 the war terminated by the treaty of Ryswick, signed September 11, by which the French were to restore all places taken from the British in America; and it was stipulated that a commission should be appointed to deter- mine the respective boundaries of the Provinces,

In the year 1698, on the 28th November, Count de Frontenac died, aged 77, much beloved by the Canadians, after having raised New France from a low condition to a high state of material ad- vancement. But against him was too truly said that he encouraged the dreadful traffic of liquor among the Indians, in order that advantageous trading, in which the governor allowed himself to meddle, might be carried on.

On 26th May, 1703, M. de Calliére, who had been the successor of Frontenac, died, and the governor of Montreal, who was the Marquis de Vaudreuil, was nominated as successor. '

This appointment, made at the instance of the colonists, was conferred with hesitancy, the reason being that his Countess was a native-born Canadian! Not only in that day but in later days, and under other circumstances, we have seen the belief obtaining that natives of Canada must, from the natufe of their birth-place, lack those qualifications for distinguished positions with which those

from home are supposed to be so eminently endowed. | The British Colonists by this time began to entertain desires to conquer Canada, and steps were taken to accomplish the taking of Quebec. Among those who took an active part, by raising pro- vincial troops, and in visiting England to obtain assistance, was. General’ Nicholson, whose descendants to this day live in the vici- nity of the Bay Quinté, and in the Lower Provinces. In 1710 he visited England, in company with five Iroquois chiefs, who were presented to Queen Anne, and who received distinguished attention,

20 TREATY OF UTRECHT.

being conveyed to the palace in royal coaches. It was following this that the Queen presented those interesting pieces of Commu- nion plate to the five nations, part of which may be seen at Tyen- dinagua, and part at the Grand River. A futile attempt was made by Nicholson, with a fleet under Admiral Walker, in 1711, to take Quebec. The whole enterprise not only failed but was attended with great disaster. General Nicholson, with his army at Lake Champlain, had to give up his desire to capture Montreal and Quebec. ;

On March 30, 1713, was signed the treaty of Utrecht. In, this: treaty abridgement of French territory in America was effected.. Acadia, Hudson’s Bay territory and Newfoundland were ceded to Britain. French power was on the decline both in America, and Europe. Vainly the French tried to regain what they had lost in Newfoundland and Acadia, by founding an establishment at Cape Breton, and in the foundation of the historic fort of Louisburg.

In 1714 Governor Vaudreuil went to France, where he remained until September, 1716. He then returned to Canada, and set about improving the state of affairs generally. Quebec, at the present day such an impregnable fortress, was not, in any respect, regularly fortified before the beginning of this century. To the natural strength of the place was first added artificial aid, in 1702. To this again were added, in 1712, other defences, and in 1720, by © the approval of the home government, the fortification was syste- matically proceeded with. At this time the colony was divided into, three distinct governments, those of Quebec, Three Rivers, and Montreal; and the whole was sub-dividided into eighty-two parishes. The whole population was estimated at 25,000; whilst at the same time the British colonies had 60,000 males able to bear arms. The governor, aware of this, already began to fear a success- ful invasion of Canada.

M. de Vaudreuil died October 10, 1725, having been governor twenty-one years. He was succeeded by the Marquis de Beauhar- nois, who arrived at Quebec in 1726. The contest for the supre- macy of the fur trade continued. The British seeing the advantage of the line of forts held by the French determined to erect a fort also, and selected the mouth of the Oswego for its site. As an off- set to this aggression on the part of the British, against which the French vainly protested, the French fort at the mouth of the Nia- gara was erected, with defences; and orders were given that 4 stone fort should replace the one originally constructed of wood, at

FORT LOUISBURG. 21

Cataraqui. In 1731, Fort Frederick was also erected, at Crown Point, on Lake Champlain. This year, Varrennes, Sieur de la Vér- endrye, urged by the governor, set about to discover a route to the Pacific ocean; but he only reached the foot of the Rocky Moun- tains, being the first white man to discover them. About this time the fort‘at Toronto (Lake) is, for the first time, referred to, For more than a decade the strife for the peltry traffic continued to be waged, yet without any actual warfare. It was seen by all that peace could not continue, and New England and New France were all the time anticipating the conflict. In 1745 war broke out in Europe, and immediately extended to America. It will be remem- bered that the French were dispossessed of Acadia, but had subse- quently erected a fort upon Cape Breton, Louisburg. From this naval stronghold they were able to send privateers and men-of-war. ‘The English, in the meantime, seeing this evil, and that this was a protection to the only entrance to French territory, determined to possess it promptly, if it were possible. To carry out this project, which originated with Governor Shirley, of Massachusetts, 4,000 militia, levied in Mass., New Hampshire, Maine, and Connecticut, under Colonel Pepperel, sailed from Boston in March. The attack upon this strong fort was so well planned and carried out, that full success was the result. Admiral Warren arrived with ships to give assistance, and captured a French ship of 64 guns, with 560 soldiers and supplies. Already the Anglo-Americans were beginning to display the energy (derived from an energetic race) which was to overturn British domination in the Atlantic States. But in the first place it was necessary that England should extinguish French power. The brilliant nature of the attack and taking ot Fort Louis- burg was recognized by the granting of baronetcies to Governor Shirley and Colonel Pepperel. This success hastened the determi- nation to conquer Canada—a desire already existing in the hearts of the Anglo-Americans ; and Governor Shirley applied to the British government for regulars and a flect for that purpose. Meanwhile, a fleet, with several thousand troops, sailed from France, with a view of re-taking Cape Breton and Acadia; but tem- pest and disease destroyed the force, until it was no longer able to invade.

From the year 1745 border warfare continually blazed along the frontier. The French, with their savage allies, carried the sealping-knife and the torch into the British settlements, captured Fort Massachusetts and Fort Bridgman, and gained other victories,

22 MASSACRE BY WASHINGTON.

and the luckless settlers had to seck safety in the more largely-set- tled parts of the country.

Again came temporary peace to the colonists. In 1748, upon the 7th of October, the treaty, was signed at Aix-la-Chapelles, by the terms of which Cape Breton reverted to the French. This treaty was, however, but a lull in the struggle in America, which was destined to end in conquest.

The French continued to strengthen their outposts. Detroit was garrisoned, and forts of stone were built at Green Bay, Toronto, and La Preséntation. . In 1756, Fort Duquesne, at Pittsburgh, was established. It was in this year that Washington first came before the public as an actor. He led a considerable force to the west, with the view of destroying Fort Duquesne, and encountered a small body of French. The man who subsequently became a hero by concurring events, as well as by his own energy, did not, on this occasion—if we may credit history—act a very honorable part. In- formed of the camping ground of the enemy, he marched all night, to attack them in the morning. Junonville, the commander, when aware of the proximity of Washington, made known to him by a trumpeter that he had a letter to deliver, and when J unonville had begun to read his letter firing was suddenly re-commenced. The painters of Washington’s character have tried to cover this stain; but unbiassed recorders think he was by no means blameless. But Wash- ington’s humiliation rapidly followed this unmanly procedure.. The main force of the French, hearing of the massacre by Washington, advanced to revenge it; and, attacking him in his own chosen posi- tion, succeeded, after ten hours’ fighting with muskets alone, against cannon, in driving Washington from his position, and compelled him to make an inglorious retreat.

At the beginning of 1755, England sent out additional soldiers and means of war, and appointed General Braddock, who had distin- guished himself as a soldier, to act as military chief.

At this time, “ Dr. Franklin estimat d the whole English provin- vials at a total of 1,200,000; whilst the whole number of people in Canada, Cape Breton, Louisiana, &c., was under 80,000 souls.”— (Garneau). At the same time France was weak, by the presence of an indolent King, who allowed himself and kingdom to be governed by a courtesan, Madame de Pompadour. Religious dissensions and stagnation of trade, all contributed to place France in but a poor posi- tion to engage in war. Great Britain, on the contrary, was in all respects prosperous. At such a favorable time it was that the Anglo-

THE SEVEN YEARS’ WAR. 23

Americans urged the mother country to carry on, with the utmost rigor, a war for the subjugation of Canada. Franklin, as astute a politician as clever in science, was their principal mouthpiece. He who, twenty-five years thereafter, repaired to Paris, to arouse the public feeling of France and entire Europe against Britain; the same who came to Canada to revolutionize it in 1776, was, in 1754, the greatest promoter of the coming invasion of the French possessions in North America. “There need never be permanent repose expected for our thirteen colonies,” urged he, “so long as the French are mas- ters of Canada.” Thus was inaugurated what is known as the seven years’ war.

The respective combatants marshalled their forces for the con- flict. The French, nothing daunted, took energetic measures to repel the foe, and strike blows here and there, as opportunity afforded. A force was sent to take Fort Oswego from the English, while John- son, a name to be mentioned hereafter, was despatched to attack Fort Frederick. The first great battle was fought in the Ohio valley, by General Braddock. Here the French gained a signal victory, with but a few men, and utterly put to rout their enemy. At Fort Ed- ward, the French, under General Dieskau, were less successful in an encounter with Johnson, the French commander being taken prisoner.

The close of the first year saw Forts Frederick, Niagara and Duquesne, still in the hands of the French, while bands of savages and Canadians traversed the British settlements, massacreing and burning all before them.

The ensuing year witnessed more elaborate arrangements to con- tinue the war. France sent to Canada soldiers, provisions, war material and money; and, also, the Marquisde Montcalm was selected to take charge of the army. Montcalm had seen service, and with him came other officers likewise experienced.

Proceeding to Montreal, he conferred with the Governor, and it was determined to form two principal camps, one at Ticonderoga, the other at Frontenac, and a battalion was despatched to Niagara.

The British, at the same time, made extensive preparations, both in the colonies and at home, and the Earl of London was appointed generalissimo.

It is a remarkable fact that Montcalm had from the first a fatal presentiment as to the issue of the war; yet he, all the same, took every step that prudence and energy directed, to secure the success of his army. ‘There was also a coolness between him and the Gover-

24 CANADIANS IN DISTRESS, BUT SUCCESSFUL.

nor, who manifested a determination and energy worthy of him. It was determined that fresh attempts should be made to possess Fort Oswego, and General Montcalm arrived at Frontenac for that pur- pose on the 29th of July. Upon the 11th August they reached Oswego and invested the Fort, which was obliged to surrender on the 14th, the commander, Colonel Mercer, having been killed. The Fort was razed to the ground. The Canadians then withdrew to their homes carrying the prisoners of war, and the guns of the Fort, and provisions with them. This was the principal event of this year. The winter saw the Canadians suffer from famine and small-pox. During the winter 1757-8, there was continued hostility, and in the following year Montcalm succeeded in taking Fort William Henry, after a siege of four days. Colonel Munroe commanded the Fort, and he trusted for support to General Webb, who failed to afford it, but instead sent a message to Munroe to retire, which note fell into the hands of Mont calm. Munroe on the morning of the 9th, displayed his flag of truce The events of this capitulation have ever been held in remembrance, because of the fearful massacre which the Indians made of the Eng- lish, who had surrendered, and who marched out without their arms, in full confidence in the integrity of the victorious besiegers. Stern history has cast no little blame upon Montcalm, for at least re’ rissness of duty; and the pen of historic fiction has found it a fruitful theme with which to weave a story, and record thrilling events.

The ensuing winter was one of great privation to the Canadians; the harvest had failed; and everything began to look dark indeed for the devoted French ; yet four years of war had givenall the advantage to their arms. The continued ill-success of the British, caused them to raise increased numbers of men, so that by numerical force they might overwhelm the French. In the spring of 1758, 80,000 British combatants were ready to march. While such was the condition and war-like spirit which obtained upon the British side, a far different state of afiairs existed with the French. Success had so far attended the gallant feats undertaken by them. All along the lengthened border the foe had been defeated, or had gained but scant victory: Again, the Iroquois nation, impressed with the success thus obtained by the French, and gratified to have the Fort of Oswego, always unpleasent to them, destroyed, seemed inclined to take sides with them, certainly did not favor the English. But, when so much has been said the extent of French power in America has been stated. Canada was no longer receiving support from France. The colonists had been weakened by continual warfare and repeated crop-failures.

THE STRUGGLE. 25

But undeterred by the dark clouds that continued to thicken, the Canadians buckled on their armor to fight till the very last. Says Montcalm to the Minister at home, “ We shall fight and we shall bury ourselves, if need be, under the ruins of the colony.” Again the tideof war ebbed and flowed with fearful power. Carillon was made red with British blood, as vain endeavors were made to capture that French strong hold. Against Louisburg, Cape Breton, Carillon, Lake Champlain, and Duquesne in the Ohio Valley, the English arrayed their fleets and armies, In the attack now made upon Louisburg, for the first time appears the name of Wolfe, who distinguished himself by scaling a rock, with a hundred men, which had hitherto been regarded unaccessable. After a spirited defence, the French surren- dered the Fort, a perfect wreck, July 26. About this time Cape Breton passed into British hands, and thus was opened to the English, the Fort of Quebec.

In the mean time the attack upon Fort Carillon by Genera] Abercromby, with a strong ‘army, had proved a complete failure. The French, although few, desperately met the repeated assaults made during half a day, and Abercromby, cut up and ashamed, was foreed to relinquish the matter. This battle was fought July 8th, in which 3,600 men struggled successfully for six hours against 15,000 picked soldiers. (Garneau). De Lévis, who had been in com- mand at Fort Frontenac, was called by Montcalm to take part in the defence of Carillon. This left Fort Frontenac comparatively weak, and Abercromby, having learned the fact, despatched Colonel Bradstreet, who had taken an active part in the battle, to capture the Fort. Bradstreet set out with 3,000 men, 11 guns and mortars. The invading force reached its destination August 25. The Fort had been left with 70 men under the command of M. de Noyan, notwithstanding, the Fort was bravely defended for a time. “ The victors captured many cannons, quantities of small arms, boats of provisions and nine newly armed barques,—part of the trophies brought from Oswego when captured. After loading his barges to the waters-edge, Bradstreet released his prisoners on parole, burnt the Fort, also seven of the barks, and returned to his country.” (Garneau.) This was a severe blow to the struggling Canadians. The Governor had ordered the farmers from the field, and all the savages he could command, to march to the assistance of Fort Frontenac ; but when the party reached Fort Présentation, (Ogdens- burg), it was learned that Frontenac was already destroyed. To «dd to the misfortune of the French, the same autumn, General

26 THE SPRING OF 1759.

Forbes, notwithstanding a part of his force had been previously defeated, secured the destruction of Fort Duquesne on the Ohio, This closed the engagements for the year 1748, and everything looked for the French, most discouraging. The winter was spent by the English in preparing for a still more determined con. tinuation of the war; while the French wasted their energies in domestic dissention. The Governor M. de Vandreuil and Montcalm ceased not to quarrel, and to charge each other with incompotency, and even crimes. At the same time the means of the country was absorbed by unpatriotic merchants, who availed themselves of the circumstances of the country to amass fortunes by illegal traffic in furs with the Indians.

The Government at home, although informed by Montcalm that Canada would be conquered if help were not sent, took no step to assist the devoted Colonists, who, although disheartened were not disposed to surrender allegiance to their native country, even when all but forsaken. The spring of 1759 beheld them standing to their arms with calm determination, awaiting the onset of the foe. The British as in previous years prepared to invade Canada simultaneously at three different points. There was no fortress in the Lower St. Lawrence to obstruct their advance by water, 80 Quebec was the point at which, to the east, the attack would be made. A corps of 10,000 men commanded by General Wolfe, who we have seen, distinguished himself at the taking of Louisburg, prepared to ascend the St. Lawrence to invest the capital. Another force 12,000 strong under General Amherst, a name we shall have to speak of hereafter, was to pass by Lake Champlain to descend the Richeleu and to join Wolfe at Quebec. And a third force, under General Prideaux, with savages under Sir William Johnson, were to possess Fort Niagara,and then descend to the capture of Montreal. Opposed vo the numerous and well appointed armies of invasion, there was, according to Garneau, all in all of Frenchmen, between the ages of 16 and 60, capable of bearing arms, but a little over 15,000. In the early spring, one M. de Corbiere, ascended with the view of rebuilding Fort Frontenac. 300 men were also sent to repair and defend Nir gara. But it soon was deemed expedient to recall them and to concentrate their forces. Every man from even the more remote parts, presented himself to the nearest place of rendezvous. Inthe latter part of May, word came that the enemies ships were coming.

WOLFE BEFORE QUEBEC. 27

The events connected with the overthrow of French supremacy in Canada cannot fail to impress the student of Canadian history.

The capture of Quebec, and, as an inevitable result, the con- quest of Canada are events of great interest ; but the space cannot be allowed here to more than refer to the thrilling scenes of valor displayed by the victors and the vanquished. As Canadians of British origin we recognize the event as one not to be deplored, how- ever Franco-Canadians may regard the question. The conquest of Canada, was to add a new element to that of the British American which was destined to grow, and to act no mean part in respect to British interests in America,and we believe,ultimately to completely amalgamate with a portion of the older elements, and thus to beget a race, under Confederation, none the less noble, none the less stable, and none the less glorious, than that race (a prototype of this)—the Original Anglo-Saxon derived from the Norman, who came to Eng!and with William the Conqueror, as well as the Saxon elements.

More than a hundred years have passed away since the fall of Quebec. The centenary anniversary of the event has been cele- brated with an amount of enthusiasm which probably Quebec never witnessed before. Since the American Revolution, when the French Canadians fought by the side of the American Loyalist to defend Quehee, the former have ceased to be a conquered people— Sequestrated from France, they have escaped all the horrors which have since swept over that people, while they have retained their language, religion, and laws. A hundred years has eradicated or rather changed all the feelings which burned so fervently in the French Canadian heart, except their love of Canada; and they have joined heartily with the Anglo-Saxon to erect a joint monu- ment which commemorates at once the heroism of Wolfe, and the gallantry of Montcalm.

Although the forces invading under Wolfe, exceeded in num- ber those who defended the citadel, yet, the greatest heroism was displayed in its taking. The British fleet of “20 ships of the line with frigates and smaller war vessels,” and transports, reached the Isle of Orleans, June 25, where the land force disembarked and proceeded deliberately te invest the stronghold, finding a more difficult: task than had been expected. Repeated attempts and assaults were made with the result of showing Wolfe how strong was the po*’vion his youthful ardor would fain secure. Not alone was he baffled thus, but a severe illness prostrated him to death’s

28 UPON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM.

door, whose portals were so soon to be opened to him, by another means. In his moments of discouragement he had written home in a spirit not calculated to afford hope. The plan which resulted in success, it is said was suggested by his three faithful Generals, Monkton, Townshend and Murray.

The night before the 13th of September, 1759, the day upon which Wolfe was to win imperishable laurels, and to lay down his life, he felt a presentiment that his end was near, and carefully ar- ranged all his worldly affairs, On the evening of the 12th he invited Captain John Davis (afterwards Admiral, Earl St. Vincent), of the Porcupine sloop of war, to spend an hour or two on board the Suth- erland.” Wolfe, in the course of their conversation, said that he knew he should not survive the morrow ; and when they were about to separate, he took from his bosom the picture of Louther and delivered it into the hands of his friend, whom he requested, should his fore- boding be fulfilled, to restore the pledge to the lady on his arrival in England.”

Having previously made disposition of his forces to prepare the way for the final attack, and, as well in some instances, to deceive the enemy as to his intentions, Wolfe finally, at one o’clock, upon the morning of the 13th September, set out in flat bottomed boats to make his landing at Fuller’s Cove, thereafter to be called after himself. The night was dark, and other circumstances being favorable the landing was safely effected, the heights ascended, and at the break of day Montcalm learned with the utmost astonish- ment that the enemy was upon the heights of Abraham in battle array. Montcalm hastened to drive away the venturesome foe, but this was not to be accomplished; a few hours brought a realization of his early presentiment. After a spirited struggle the French were to be seen running, the announcement of which made Wolfe die happy; and, Montcalm was wounded unto death. He died on the 14th. The defeat of Montcalm secured the capture of Quebec, yet it was not until the 18th September that the city surrendered, and French writers would make it appear that even then it were not necessary.

The command of the F.ench army after the death of Montcalm devolved upon Gen. de Lévis, who had been absent up the St. Law- rence. He returned to Montreal only in time to hear of Mont- calm’s defeat. He hastened to the rescue of the beleaguered city, but he reached the vicinity, not until Quebec had passed into thé hands of the British.

CAPTURE OF FORT NIAGARA, 29

During the time these exciting scenes had been transpiring at Quebec, Gen, Amherst had been confronting Boulamaque, upon the shores of Lake Champlain; whom he had compelled: to return, and to destroy Fort Frederick and to retire to Isle Aux Nois. In the west, at Niagara Gen. Prideaux and Sir Wm. Johnson had been successful in taking the Fort from Pouchot. By this, Lake Ontario with its northern shore, as well as the region of the Bay of Quinté came into the possession of the British.

The expedition to capture Fort Niagara, taken at the urgent request of the Governor of New York, was under the command of Generfl Prideaux. The attacking party landed at Four Mile Creek almost four miles east of the Fort, on the 6th July, 1859. Fort Niagara was garrisoned by 486 men according to Pouchot, the French commander, but according to English statements 600. General Prideaux forces numbered, according to Capt. de Lancy, 1,200, and 1,000 Indians, as said by Sir William Johnson. Pouchot discovered their approach the following day. ‘ He despatched couriers to Presque Isle, to Fort Machault, at the mouth of French Creek, Pa., and to the commander of the Fort at the “Carrying Place” for assistance. Reinforcements were sent, numbering about 600 French, and 100 Indians. They resembled when passing down the rapids, “ a floating island, so black was the river with batteaux and canoes.”’ They landed a few miles above the falls and pro- ceeded to Lewiston and thence to relieve Pouchot. In the mean time the siege had been pressed with vigor. Prideaux, the English General, had been killed and the. command had devolved on Sir W. Johnson. The English learned of the approach of the reinforce- nents, and Captain James de Lancy was despatched to a position in ambuscade above the present site of Youngstown. The French discovering the English in ambush, made an impetuous attack upon them, but the English withstood the assault, and eventually turned the tide against the enemy, who were put to flight, 200 being killed, and 100 taken prisoners. Pouchot learned of the disaster about two o’clock; and, two hours after Sir W. Johnsondemanded a surrender. That same evening, or on the following morning he com- plied ; but he has stated that he would not have done so had it not been for the mutiny of the Germans who formed a part of the garrison. On the 26th the garrison left the fort to be transported to New York. Thus was the power of the French broken in the west, and the English became masters of the key to the North- west.

30 SURRENDER OF CANADA,

The following spring Gen, de Lévis determined to make an éffort to retake Quebec, and upon the 28th of April, tho plains of Abraham were again red with blood, and the British, under Gen. Murray, were compelled to seek safety within the walls of the city, where they were besieged until the 9th, when a British frigate arrived and gave succor.

On the 14th July Gen, Murray, with a large sailing force, commenced the ascent of the St. Lawrence, At the same time Gen. Amherst, with a considerable force was commencing a descent from Oswego. The two were thus advancing toward Montreal, each subduing onthe way such forts and garrisons as were Pried of sufficient importance. By the first of September, the city of the Royal Mountain, containing the wreck of the French army was encompassed on either hand. The Governor, upon the night of the 6th, held a council of war, at which it was determined to capitulate. The celebrated act was signed on the 8th September, 1760, and the same day the English took possession of the city. Thus Canada passed into the possession of the British. The terms of capitula- tion were more favorable to the French than they had any reason to expect, and those terms have ever been fulfilled.

The Governor, Gen. de Lévis, the officers, and a large number of men, women and children returned to France. At the time of the taking of Montreal, there remained at Detroit some thyee or four hundred families. This Fort and others around the lakes yet held by the French were surrendered to Major Rogers, a person again to be spoken of. The population according to the Governor, left of French origin, was 70,000.

The Canadians who did not’return to France repaired to their homes and renewed their peaceful avocations.

The first British Governor, Sir Jeffry Amherst, entered upon his functions 1763.

We have now very cursorily indeed, noticed the history of the French Canadians up to the time they became British subjects. We have seen they did not willingly become such; yet scarcely fifteen years were to pass away before their loyalty to the British flug was to be tested; not indeed to decide whether they should again become a part of France, rather than remain British, but whether their condition as British subjects was so intolerable that they should seek other protéction of a foreign origin.

We shall see that although promises were held out of great political advantage they preferred to remain as they were. There

THE FRENCH IN AMERICA, 31

remained in the hearts of the Canadian French, not so much a dis- like to Hngland as a detestation to the New Englander, Hence it was that when the rebel banner was unfurled in 1776, with the declaration of American Independence upon it, no Canadian rallied around it. Although commissioners from the rebel congress visited them with honied words and fair promises, they received no friendly welcome. The Canadians regarded their old enemies as enemies still, and they turned their backs upon the revolting provinces and their faces toward old England for protection, The commissioners to the Canadians, composed of Dr. Benj. Franklin, Samuel Chase and Charles Carrol, with his brother, a Jesuit Priest were appointed to this mission, on the 15th February, 1776. The same Franklin who now offered the French “freedom,” had urged upon the British in 1753 the expediency of reducing Canada! !

For a century and a half France endeavored in vain to erect a power in America; but shall we say that it was all in vain ?

The monument although broken, so far as Franco is concerned yet stands alasting memorial of French energy, of religious fervor, stern determination, and indomitable valor. And, when the wave of revolution passed ove: the thirteen British Colonies, the column was conspicuous enough to be seen by refugees; the protection Canada offered was sufficient for the homeless families of U. BE. Loyalists. Canada was a sacred spot, although French. It constituted a nucleus, around which collected those who preferred order to rebellion. Those who had fought as opponents at Duquesne, at Niagara, at Frontenac, at Tyconderoga, and upon the Plains of Abraham, were joined together. The heel, which had assisted to crush the Canadian French, now sought and found a resting place among those who had been overcome. Thus was to be laid the foundation of the Dominion of Canada, whose future is to be great. Stretching from seaboard to seaboard, it is destined to become, ere it has reached the present age of the United States, the Russia of America, with the purest principles of government the world has ever known.

We now approach the period of time when another element of discord was to appear among the races which inhabited America. Bloody Indian wars hadin the past swept back and forth across the woody land. Rival colonizers had resorted to strife, to extend territorial power. European weapons had been transported to wage wars of extermination. Conquest and subjugation of Indians and rivals had been witnessed ; but now Rebellion, a term that has

32 REBELLION oF 1776,

received frosh significance in the late civil war in the United States, was to be initiated. The British blood and money which had been lavishly spent for the Anglo-Americans, had only prepared those colonists to seek other advantages. The Indians held in sub. jection, the French conquered, the mother country itself must now be coerced to give full rein to the spoiled and wayward offspring.

DIVISION I. THE REBELLION OF 1776—THE THIRTEEN COLONIES,

OHAPTER III.

Contents :—First American Rebellion—Independence—Traitors made Heroes— Loyalists driven away to found another Colony—The responsibility of rebelling—Treatment of the Loyalists—The several Colonies—The first Englishman in America—Receives £10—English Colonization—Virginia— Convicts—Extent of Virginia—First Governor—Virginians not willing to rebel—Quota supplied to the rebel army—New York—Hudson—The Dutch —New Netherlands—Price of New Amsterdam Sheng York)—First Legisla- tive Assembly—Not quick to rebel—Quota of rebel troops—Gave many settlers to Upper Canada—New Jersey—lts settlement—A battle ground— Gave rebel troops; also loyal troops—Furnished settlers to Upper Canada— Massachusetts—Captain Smith—New England Puritans—The “ Mayflower” —First Governor—Cruel treatment of Indians—Massachusetts takes the lead in rebelling— Troops—Loyalists— New Hampshire—Troops— Delaware--- Settlement--- Quota of rebel troops--- Connecticut---Edueation--- Troops--- Roman Catholics---Toleration---Rhode Island---Providence---Inconsistency of the Puritans---Roger Williams---North Carolina--- Inhabitants--- South Carolina---Many loyalists---Pennsylvania--William Penn---Conduct toward Indians---The people opposed to rebellion---Georgia---Oglethorpe---Policy of England---New England.

In the introductory chapters a brief sketch has been given of the settlement of America. We now approach the important events which belong to the first great American rebellion, which culminated in the Declaration of Independence by the thirteen British American Colonies, and terminated in the recognition of their independence by the parent State. The rebellion had resulted in a revolution, and traitors were made heroes !

THE THIRTEEN COLONIES, 33

It forms a part of the present undertaking to record some of the facts relative to the steps by which the now powerful United States were, a8 a whole, ushered into the arena of nations, and by which a large class of Americans, true to their British allegiance, were com- pelled to leave their native country to found another colony in the northern wilderness. To be justified in rebelling against the consti- tuted authorities there must be the most cogent reasons; to take up arms against the State—to initiate a civil war, is assuming the most fearful consequences,

To present even a brief account of the circumstances which led to the settlement of Upper Canada, it becomes necessary to dwell for atime upon the great rebellion of 1776, the result of which was ad- verse to those Americans who adhered to the old flag under which they had been born, had come to the new world, and had prospered ; a rebellion which was attended and followed by persecution and vio- lence, imprisonment and confiscation, banishment, and, too often, death; which caused a stream of refugee loyalists to set in toward the wilderness of Canada.

At the time of the rebellion of the English colonists in America, they consisted of thirteen provinces. Massachusetts, with her colony of Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It may be well to briefly notice these several states, and the part each took in the war for In- lependence,

The first Englishman to set foot upon the continent of America as John Cabot, who discovered Newfoundland, and probably the djacent mainland, June 4, 1497. The event is noticed in the Privy urse expenditure thus: “1497, Aug. 10—To hym that found the ew Isle, £10,” which seems to have been a grant for his services.

VIRGINIA.

In the year 1578, Sir H. Gilbert endeavoured to establish a set- lement at the mouth of the Roanoke, Failing in his undertaking, iis half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh, made a similar effort the follow- ug year, which likewise failed. It was Sir Walter Raleigh who gave e name to Virginia, in honor of Elizabeth, the virgin Queen, A hird and successful effort was made to colonize in 1607-8, at James- own, This dates the commencement of English colonization of merica. Some time later, America was looked upon as 9 country

34 VIRGINIA—NEW YORK.

quite beyond the pale of civilization, even as Botany Bay was at a still later period ; and in the year 1621, the British Government transported to Virginia 100 convicts. But notwithstanding, “ Vir-

ginia,” to use the words of Morse’s Geography, “the birth-place of Washington, has given six Presidents to the Union.”

The colony of Virginia was originally indefinite in its boundary; and, judging from old maps, it would seem to have included all of North America. But a map dated 1614 shows the more northern part as New England. ‘The first Governor of Virginia entered upon his duties in 1619.

This State was by no means quick to sever the connection with the mother country. Many of her sons stood up for the crown, and very many families became refugees. Washington said of Virginia, in a letter, that “the people of Virginia will come reluctantly into the idea of independence.” But in time, by the specious representations of Washington and others, the State produced a certain number of rebels. The quota demanded by the rebel congress was 48,522. She supplied, in 1776, 6,181 ; and afterwards 20,491.

NEW YORK.

In the year 1609 Hendrick Hudson, an Englishman, in the employ of Holland, first explored the great river running through New York State, which now bears his name. He, on behalf of the Dutch took possession of the country. Settlement first took place in 1614, and by 1620, a considerable colony was planted. The island of Manhatten,where now stands New York City, was honestly purchased of the Indians for twenty-four dollars. The village thus founded was called New Amsterdam, and the colony was designated New Netherlands.

Having been taken by the English in 1674, the name of the territory was changed to New York, after James, Duke of York, brother to Charles If. The first Legislative Assembly for this Province, met in New York, 17th October, 1683, just one hundred years before Upper Canada began to be settled.

The State of New York was not among the foremost in rebelling. The Dutch element which prevailed, was not given to change. Some of the most exciting events and battles of the war were enacted in this State. Right royally did the people take up arms against the rebels and drive Washington from Manhatten. Batta- lions and regiments were repeatedly raised and organized in this State. The valleys of the Mohawk and Hudson became historic

NEW JERSEY—MASSACHUSETTS. 35

grounds. Here was witnessed the ignoble failure of Burgoyne's Campaign, which was the commencement of the decline of British power ; and the City of New York was the last ground of the States occupied by British troops, until the war of 1813. New York furnished troops for the rebel cause, in 1775, 2,075; in 1776, 3,629 ; and subsequently 12,077.

Of all the States, New York gave the largest number of pioneers to Upper Canada.

NEW JERSEY.

New Jersey was settled in 1620 by the Dutch and Swedes. Having been taken by the English, it was given by Charles II. to the Duke of York. Retaken by the Dutch in 1673, it was bought by Wm. Penn and his friends. At one time it was divided into East Jersey and West Jersey, East Jersey belonging to Penn. In 1702 the two Jersies were united under one government, and received the name of New Jersey.

Upon the grounds of this State were fought some of the most decisive battles of the war.

Of the Rebel troops Jersey supplied in 1676, 3,193. The quota required afterwards was 11,896—of which she granted 7,534. But Jersey also gave a large number of Royal troops.

New Jersey furnished a good many settlers to Upper Canada, of whom one of the most distinguished is the Ryerson famjly. Many of the settlers along the bay retain interesting traditions of their Jersey ancestry.

| MASSACHUSETTS.

The territory of this State was originally discovered by the Cabots in 1497, and visited by Capt. John Smith in 1614, by whom it wassaid to have been named New England. It consisted of the present States of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Connee- ticut, and Massachusetts. In 1620, upon 22nd December, the Puritan Fathers landed upon the Plymouth Rock, some 30 miles from Boston, and planted the first of the New England States. The “ Mayflower,” by which they had traversed the Atlantic was only 180 tons burden. She sailed from Southhampton with 102 emigrants. Half of this number died from cold and hardship the first year. They selected for their first Elder one John Carner, who as chief officer had great control. He has consequently been called the first Governor of “Tew England. The territory had been granted by James I. to the “Plymouth Company.” Although the

36 NEW HAMPSHIRE—DELAWARE—CONN.

Puritans had left their homes because they did not enjoy their rights, they forgot the Golden Rule in their forest homes. They failed to remember that the Indian had rights. Tho untutored native thought he hac a right to the soil, and as the Puritans, unlike Penn, were unwilling to recognize his rights, but undertook to appropriate the territory, there ensued bloody Indian wars, The Puritan revenged himself, and the native retalliated. So, for many years border massacres were common and terrible.

Massachusetts with the other New England States, took the lead in rebellion, and by great pains succeeded in indoctrinating the midland and*Southern States. The first blood of the rebellion was shed in this State, at Lexington and Bunker Hill. The State supplied troops in 1775, 16,444; in 1776, 13,372. The quota subse- quently required was 52,728, of which 38,091 was furnished.

But Massachusetts had not a few true-hearted loyalists of whom a considerable number became settlers in Upper Canada. At the evacuation of Boston “ 1,100 retreated in a body with the Royal army. Altogether there left Massachusetts at least 2,000 United Empire Loyalists.” The Colony of Maine also had a good many adherents of the crown—(Sabine.)

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

This Province was first colonized by emigrants from Hamp- shire, England, in 1623. Subsequently it was peopled by English from other parts, and by Scotch.

New Hampshire supplied in 1775, 2,824 troops; in 1776, 3,012. Her quota was |10.194. Granted 6,653. We are at the same time assured by Sabine that New Hampshire had many and powerful opponents of rebellion.

DELAWARE.

Delaware was originally settled by Swedes and Finlanders in 1627. Became a part of New Netherlands in 1655, and in 1664 fell ‘to the English. It was included in the grant of Wm. Penn in 1682. In 1701 it was erected into a colony for legislative purposes.

She supplied rebel troops in 1776, 609. Her quota fixed was 3,974. Supplied 1,778.

CONNECTICUT. .

Connecticut was first occupied by emigrants in 1631. The Charter was granted by Charles II., which continued in existence until 1818, when fitZwas superseded by the existing constitution. Connecticut “has uniformily been a nursery of educated men of

MARYLAND—RHODE ISLAND. 37

every class” for the Union. And, itmay be added, a number found their way to Upper Canada, as school teachers, subsequent to the Revolution. And there was a certain number of the people of Con- necticut among the Loyalists, Sabine says a good many.

This State furnished for the rebel war in 1775, 4,507; in 1776; 6,390. The quota fixed was 28,336, of which was given 21,142.

MARYLAND.

Maryland was granted to the second Lord Baltimore, a Roman Catholic, by Queen Mary, in 1632 or 4. He colonized the Province with a company of Co-religionists of the higher class of English gentry. It was named after the English Queen, Henrietta Maria. “Tn 1649, it was made, as has been well said, ‘a land of sanctuary,’ by the toleration of all religious denominations, but the Puritans, expelled from Virginia, made great trouble in the Colony.”

The State supplied troopsin 1776, 637. Quota fixed by congress 26,608, of which she supplied 13,275.

RHODE ISLAND.

Massachusetts, planted by Puritans, who came to secure liberty of conscience, would not allow certain individuals in their midst to enjoy like religious liberty, and hence the foundation of Rhode Island. Providence, its original name, was thus significantly called, because here the Baptists, under Roger Williams (oppressed by the Puritans cf Plymouth), found a providential asylum. This was in 1636. In how short a time (16 years) had the oppressed learned to act oppressively !

A charter was granted to Roger Williams in 1642. The govern- ment continued to exist under this charter until 1842,a period of 200 years.

Rhode Island gave troops to the number of 1,193 in 1775, and 798 in 1776. Quota demanded, 5,694; furnished 3,917.

NORTH CAROLINA.

This colony was planted in 1653 by the older colony of Virginia The colony at first included both North and South Carolina, which continued until 1693, when the south part was erected into a separate colony, under the name of South Carolina. The inhabitants of North Carolina consisted, in part, of refugees from England at the overthrow of the Stuarts. These mainly remained loyal to the crown, and were destined to again become refugees. At the commencement of the

38 CAROLINA—PENNSYLVANIA.,

rebellion the people of this colony were about equally divided between the adherents of the crown, and the rebels. The loyalists were a devoted band. At the same time, the rebels—at least some of them— took extreme steps. They formally demanded a separation from Great Britain in May, 1775, fourteen months before the 4th July declaration of 1776. The State provided, in 1776, 1,134 rebel troops. The quota asked for was 23,994, but only 6,129 was granted.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

South Carolina was first settled in 1670.

“The great body of the people were emigrants from Switzerland, Germany, France, Great Britain, and the northern colonies of America, and their descendants, and were opposed to a separation from the mother country ;” yet South Carolina furnished troops for the rebel- lion, in 1776, to the number of 2,069. Subsequently she gave 4,348 ; although her quota, as fixed by Congress, was 16,932.

In this colony. were many who could not see the justice of a rebellion. Yankee descendants may say they “bowed their necks to the yoke of colonial vassalage,” but it was a wise spirit of conserva- tism which is expressed in the desire to “look before you leap.” ‘Persons who had refused to enlist under the whig banner, flocked to the royal standard by hundreds.” “Sir Henry Clinton informed the British Government that the whole State had submitted to the royal arms.” This general attachment to the British crown made the rebels vindictive and bloodthirsty, and they sought to drive away the loyal and peacable by a vengeful shedding of blood. Consequently, the tories retaliated, and Chief Justice Marshall said, “the whigs seem determined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs; some thousands have fallen in this way in this quarter.” “ Being almost equally divided, reciprocal injuries had gradually sharpened their resentment against each other, and had armed neighbour against neighbour, until it became a war of extermination.” Now, it is sub- mitted that rebellion can hardly be justified when the people are so equally divided. Sabine remarks that “after the fall of Charleston, and until the peace, the tories were in the ascendant.”

PENNSYLVANIA.

Chis splendid colony was granted to William Penn, the Quaker ud philanthrophist, who was the son of Sir William Penn, an eminent English admiral. Sir William held a claim against the British government for £16,000 ; and, some time after his death, his son

SYLVANIA, 39

having his attention directed to the new world, obtained, in lieu of that amount, the grant of land now forming this State. The charter was granted by Charles II. in 1681. Penn sought the new world to escape the persecutions inflicted upon him at home. This he had brought upon himself, by freely expressing his decided sec- tarian views, and by writings, disseminating the teachings of George Fox, also by attacking the Established Church. He was repeatedly imprisoned i in the Tower. and even in Newgate for six months. Penn,

on procuring the grant of land, determined to make it “a home for

his co-religionists, where they might preach and practice their con- victions in unmolested peace.” To the territory he gave the name of Sylvania; but a.terwards King Charles insisted that Penn should be prefixed, making it Pennsylvania. Penn sailed from England, with several friends, in August, 1682. On reaching America he found that some Swedes amd Finns had settled along the banks of the Del- aware, Although Penn had a charter by which he could possess the land, yet, as an Kuropean, he did not forget the original and rightful owners of the soil. Penn’s conduct in this respect stands out in strik- ing contrast to the course pursued by the Puritans. It was on the 30th November, 1682, that William Penn held his famous interview with the Indian tribes, when he effected a straightforward treaty with them, never to be broken or disturbed, so that he secured per- petual peace and respect. “By this humane course with the Indians, and by encouraging emigration of all classes, securing to them the fullest liberty of conscience by a wis constitution, he succeeded, with his co-religionists, in building up a most flourishing colony. Subsequently the population was enlarged by numerous accessions from Scotland and Germany.

The government of Pennsylvania was proprietary, and continued such until the revolution swept away the charter, and made the chil- dren of William Penn outcasts from the land they and their fathers ‘ had made fertile. At the time of the revolution, John Penn, son of Richard Penn, who was the grandson of William Penn, was the Gover- nor of the colony. He, with the masses of the people in the middle States, was opposed to the rebellion. It is said there were thousands oi loyalists in this State who desired and offered to serve the crown, but whose services were lost through bungling by those in office. Yet the State gave troops to the rebel cause; 400 in 1775, and in the following year 5,519. The quota allotted was 40,416; granted, 19,689,

40 ' GEORGIA—NEW ENGLAND.

GEORGIA,

This was the last of the thirteen colonies established. The founder was Oglethorpe, who effected a settlement in 1773, and who lived to see the colony a State. The colonists landed at Charleston in January, 1733.

When the rebellion broke out, this colony was “ justly regarded as highly loyal.” She refused to send delegates to the first rebel congress; ‘and that she was represented in the second was owing to the zeal of a native of Connecticut, Dr. Seymour Hall. It required time and labour to organize a party of ‘liberty men’ to complete the Confederacy.” The number of troops supplied in 1775 was 350; the quota was fixed at 3,974, and there was supplied 2,328.

The history of England between the periods when Virginia and Georgia, the oldest and youngest of the colonies ‘hat rebelled, were founded, was one of turmoil and strife, of religicus contentions and civil war; and the colonists cast off during this hundred years car- ried with them, across the Atlantic, heartfelt bitterness, and many of them no little passion for evil. Notwithstanding, we have seen that the Southern States, with Pennsylvania and New York, did not seek to divide their connection with the parent State. It was generally admitted that the policy of England towards them “had been mild— perhaps liberal.” But, as we have seen, New England, with a few malcontents in other states—envious office-seekers, managed to dissem- inate the principles of rebellion—principles that New England has quite forgotten in her treatment of the South.

NEW ENGLAND,

Of the aforementioned colonies, they all had received and had secured to them by charter, from an indulgent mother country, gov- ernments of the most liberal nature. Civil and religious liberty were fully enjoyed. Says Mr. Sabine: “ Virtually, republican charters; subject only to the appointment of a governor on the part of the’ Crown. Every colony was, practically, a State within itself; and it is a suggestive fact that the very earliest assertion of legislative supe- riority on the part of the mother country only operated negatively, by forbidding every colony to make laws repugnant to those of England.”

Certain of the British colonies were, together, called “New England,” and since the Independence they are known as the New England States. They consist of New Hampshire, Vermont, Massa-

AMERICAN WRITERS, 41

chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Maine, which was then a colony of Massachusetts. This region was granted by James I. to the Plymouth Company in 1606. It was called North Virginia, but it was changed some years later, before it was actually settled. It was the people of these States to whom the term “Yankee” was ori- ginally applied ; and now, in the United States. this epithet is used solely in reference to these States; but in Canada and England the word is applied very generally to all Americans. The origin of the word Yankee is probably traceable to the Indian appellation “ Yengee,” for English, or Anglais, after tiie French,

CHAPTER IY.

ConTENTS :---American Writers---Sabine---Loyalists had no time to waste---Inde- pendence not sought at first---Adams---F ranklin---Jay---Jefferson---Washing- ton---Madison---The British Government---Ingratitude of the Colonists--- Taxation --- Smugglers --- Crown Officers --- Persistance—Superciliousness--- Contest between Old England and New England.

It is most refreshing to one who has been accustomed to see American school books, and even religious American tracts thickly strewn with the most fulsome self-praise, and wordy accounts of Bri- ‘tish tyranny, and of American purity and valor ; to read the speeches, and listen to 4th of July orators, who, with distorted history and hifalutin panegyrics, have not ceased to wrap their country in a blazing sheet of glory. After suffering all this, ad nauseum, it is most agreeable to read the writings of one American author upon the subject of their Independence, who can do some justice to the Loyalists. Reference is made to Lorenzo Sabine, the author of “Royalists of the. American Revolution,” Considering the prejudices which exist throughout the United States against every thing British, and the over-weening vanity of the people in respect to the success which crowned their efforts to dismember the British Empire; it is a matter for grateful recognition that a native of* New England should take up his pen to write redeeming words on tehalf of the Loyalists whom they had been taught to stigmatize, to be read by his fellow countrymen. Living upon the borders,

42 WHAT THE PEOPLE WISHED.

beyond which he could see the settled refugees working out their destiny, under adverse circumstances, and laying the foundation of a nation, he took up his pen, while the Upper Canadians were yet struggling with the forest, and without time to gather up the records of their wrongs, their losses, their persecutions, and more than all, the malicious charges against them; and hurl them back at their traducers, On behalf of those who will accept the writer as 4 representative of the United Empire Loyalists, he thanks Lorenzo Sabine, for what he has said, He, has said nothing but the substantial truth in our favor, and in saying that, he has said very much. In his prefatory remarks, after referring to their deficiency of know: ledge of the “Tories” he says. “The reason is obvious. Men who, like the Loyalists, separate themselves from their friends and kindred, who are driven from their homes, who surrender the hopes and expectations of life, and who become outlaws, wanderers, and exiles,—such men leave few memorials behind them, Their papers are scattered and lost, and their very names pass from human recollections.”

Before considering the question, whether the American colonies were justified in takinggan extreme step; it is most necessury to state that, at the flrst there were but an insignificant number of the colonists who held the belief that armed rebellion was demanded, Even among those who, with no mild-toned language denounced the mother country for enacting laws oppressive to the commerce and industry of the Americans, no one was found to advocate separation; on the contrary to use the words of Sabine “ The denial that inde: pendence was the final object, {was constant and general. To obtain concessions and preserve the connection with England, was affirmed everywhere; and John Adams,jyears after the peace, went further than this, for he said ‘ There was*not a moment during the Revolution, when I would not have given everything I possessed for a restoration ti the state of things before the contest began, provided we could have hada sufficient security for its ‘continuance.’ Again, Franklin’s testimony, a few days before the affair at Lexington, was, that he had “ more than once travelled from one end of the continent to the other, ant kept a variety of company, eating, drinking, and conversing with them freely, and never Aad heard in any conversation from any perso drunk or sober, the least expression of a wish for separation, or a hint that such a thing would be advantageous to America.” Mr. Jay is quite as explicit. “During the course of my life and until the

RELATION BETWEEN PARENT STATE AND COLONY. 43

second petition of Congress in 1775, I never did hear an American of any class, of any description, eapress a wish for the independence of the colonies. It has always, and still is, my opinion and belief, that our country was prompted and impelled to independence by necessity, and not by choice.” Says Mr. J efferson, “ What, eastward of New York, might have been the dispositions toward England before the commencement of hostilities, I know not, but before that I never heard a whisper of a disposition to separate from Great Britain, and after that, its possibility was contemplated with affliction by all,” Washington, in 1774, sustained these declarations, and, in the “Fairfax County Resolves” it was complained, that ‘ malevolent falsehoods” were propagated by the ministry to prejudice the mind of the king ; particularly that there is an intention in the American colonies to set up for independent States ; and Washington expressed a wish that the “dispute might be left to posterity to determine.” Mr. Madison was not in public life until May, 1776, but he says, “It has always been my impression, that a re-establishment of the colonial relations to the parent country, as they were previous to the controversy, was the real object of every class of the people, till the despair of obtaining it.”

The testimony of these Fathers of the Republic, cannot be impeached ; and, we must, therefore, seek for the cause of the rebellion in some other place. We have seen how the British colonies were planted. In connection with them, two leading influences may be discovered constantly at work, one of a personal nature ; the other referring to the State. Individuals would not sever the ties of homeship and brave the wide ocean, to expose themselves to the varied dangers of the wilderness, did they not have good reason‘to expect due returns. The Government would not afford ships and means to send her sons to distant shores, unless the colony would become serviceable to the parent State. The British Government had enabled many a hardy son to lay the foundation for substantial wealth. More than all, the colonies of America had been assisted to put under their feet their French rival. For their benefit the Crown expected, and undertook to enforce some tribute. But the colonists would not recognize the right of the Crown to tax them for their labor. Forall the British Government had done for the colonies, for all the money spent, she required that the colonists should be taxed. Laws were enacted, and officers and revenue collectors appointed to enforce the iaws. It was required that these colonies should not trade, with-

44 SMUGGLING,

out certain restrictions, with foreign nations; but the merchants of Massachuserts, having tasted the sweets of unrestricted trade, were unwilling to pay revenue to the Crown, although trading under the protsction of the British flag. And so it came that when royal collectors of customs were sent out; when men of war coasted the shores of, Massachusetts to prevent smuggling, by Hancock and others, there was no disposition to submit to Imperial taxation, For years the law relating to revenue had been a dead letter almost, the smugglers having used hush money, But at last Government determined to put down illicit trade. It is true tho colonies did not object without a special plea, which was *‘ no taxa. tion without representation.” But the real points at issue were, whether contraband commerce should continue and increase, or the Crown receive the dues: demanded by law. ‘‘ Nine-tenths probably, of all the tea, wine, fruit, sugar, and molasses, consumed in the colonies weve smuggled, T'o put this down was the deter. mined purpose of the ministry. The commanders of the ships of war on the American station were accordingly commissioned as officers of the customs; and, to quicken their zeal, they were to share in the proceeds of the confiscations; the courts to decide upon the lawfulness of seizares, were to be composed of a single judge, without a jury, whose emoluments were to be derived from his own condemnations; the Governors of the colonies and the military officers were to be rewarded for their activity by swear- ing also, either in the property condamned, or in the penalties annexed to the interdicted trade.” And was not the Crown correct in enforcing laws intended forthe public weal? Had hostile fleets approached Boston harbour to invade, instead of smuggling crafts, freighted with luxuries, woald not the colonist have called loudly for Imperial help to protect ? But if the Government had the best of rights to enforce the laws, it certainly displayed much want o! judgment in the mode adopted to carry out its demands. The foregoing, from S.bine, recalls to us at once the cause why resist: ance was strenuously made. The mode of paying their Crown officers was well calculated to kindle feelings of the most deter: mined opposition on the part of the illicit traders, such as John Hancock, John Langdon, Samuel Adams, William Whipple, George Clymer, Stephen Hopkins, Francis Louis, Philip Livingston, Eldridge Gerry, Joseph Hewes, George Taylor, Roger Sherman, Button Gurneit, and Robert Morris, all signers of the declaration of independence,—all smugglers !

REAL CAUSE OF REBELLION. 45

And thus it came about, The Crown was determined to exact taxes, and ignorant of the feelings of the colonists; and the colonists, grown rich by unrestricted trade— by smuggling, entered into a contract, which was only to end in dismemberment of the British Empire, Side issues were raised, cries of oppression shouted, the love of liberty invoked and epithets bandied; but they were only for effect,to inflame the public mind, of which there was much wavering. Of course, there were other things which assisted to ripen rebellion, at least were so represented, that they added to the growing discontent, Colonies, when they have become developed by age, and powerful by local circumstances, will naturally lose the interest which animates the subject at home. It is in the nature of things that the love of country should gradu- illy change from the old home to the new. ‘The inhabitants of the colonies were in many cases but descendants of Kuropean nations, who could not be expetted to retain the warmest attachment to the parent country. The tide of war had changed tho allegiance of many a one, The heterogeneous whole could not be called English, and hence it was more easy to cast aside the noble feeling willed patriotism. Then there were jealousies of the Crown officers, ind everything undertaken by the home government, having the ippearance of change, was promptly suspected as being intended 0 degrade them. The exclusiveness of the regular army and ‘uperciliousness to the provincial troops, during the French war, ‘aused many a sting, and the thought of insult to the provincial ificer remained to rankle and fester in the mind of many a mili- tary aspirant. The proposal to introduce Episcopal Bishops, to sive precedence to the Established Church, had its effect upon many, yet many of the non-conformists were equally loyal.

The contest was originally between New England and Old fngland. While the Middle and Southern States were for peace, moderate measures, the north sedulously worked to stir up strife ly disseminating specious statements and spreading abroad partisan entiments. Massachusetts took the lead. Founded by Puritans, (who, themselves were the most intolerant bigots and became the greatest persecutors America has seen,) these States possessed the proper elements with which to kindle discontent.

Thus we have learned that independence was not the primary \hject of revolt, and we have seen that the leaders in rebellion vere principally New Englanders, and were actuated mainly by hercenary motives, unbounded selfishness and bigotrye

46 THE MOTIVES,

CHAPTER VY.

Contents :—The signers of the Declaration of Independence—Their nativity Injustice of American writers for 80 years—Cast back mis-statements—The whigs had been U, EB. Loyalists)—Hancock—Oftice-seekers—Malcontents stir up strife—What the fathers of the Republic fought for—Rebel committees— Black mail—Otis, John Adams, Warren, Washington, Henry, Franklin— What caused them to rebel—What the American revolutionary heroes actu- ally were—Cruelty, during and after the war—No freedom—The political mistake of the rebels in alienating the loyalists—The consequence—Motives of the loyaliste—False charges—Conscientious conservatives—Rebellion not warranted—A ttachment to the old flag—Loyalists driven away—Suppressio veri—Want of noble spirit towards the South—Kffects—Comparison between loyalists and rebelsa—Kducation—Religion—The neutral—The professions,

Of the fifty-six signers of the Declaration of Independence nine were born in Massachusetts, seven in Virginia, six in Mary- land, five in Connecticut, four in New Jersey, four in Pennsylvania, four in South Carolina, three in New York, three in Delaware, two in Rhode Island, one in Maine, three in Ireland, two in England, two in Scotland, and one in Wales. Of these twenty-one were attornies; ten merchants; four physicians; three farmers; one clergyman; one printer; and ten men of fortune.

THE MOTIVES.

But let us more carefully consider the motives in connection with the rebellion of '76. So assiduously have our fathers, the U. K. Loyalists, been branded by most American writers as altogether base, that it becomes us to cast back the mis-statements—to tear away the specious covering of the American revolutionary heroes, and throw the sunlight of truth upon their character, and dispel the false, foul stigma, which the utterances of eighty years have essayed to fasten upon the noble band of Loyalists.

Up to 1776, the whigs as well as the tories were United Em- pire Loyalists; and it was only when the king’s forces required taxes; when the colonists were requested no longer to smuggle; when they could not dispossess the tories of the power and emolu- ments of office—it was only then that the Declaration of Indepen- dence was signed by those more particularly interested, John Hancock, whose name stands first upon the document, in such bold characters, had been a successful smuggler, whereby he had acquired his millions, and no wonder he staked his thousands on the issue, Evidence is not wanting to show that many of the leaders of the rebellion, had they been holders of office, would have

REVOLUTIONARY HEROES. : 47

been as true to the British Crown as were those whom they envied, Every man who took part on the rebel side has been written a hero; but it is asking too much to request us to believe that all the holders of office were base, and lost to the feelings of natural inde- pendence and patriotism ; more especially when a large proportion of them were, admittedly, educated and religious men; while, on the contrary, the rebols alone were actuated by patriotism and the nobler feelings of manhood, Apart from the merits or demerits of their cause, it must be admitted that the circumstances of the times force upon us the thought that a comparatively few needy office-seekers, or lookers-after other favors from the Crown, not being able to obtain the loaves and fishes, began to stir up strife. A fow, possessed of sufficient education, by the aid of the wealthy contraband traders, were enabled, by popular sensational speeches and inflammatory pamphlets, to arouse the feelings of the unedu- cated; and, finally, to create such a current of political hatred to the Crown that it could not be stayed, and which swept away the ties that naturally attached them to Great Britain,

We may easily imagine the surprise which many experienced in after days, when the war had ended and their independence was acknowledged, to find themselves heroes, and their names com- memorated as fathers of their country; whereas they had fought only for money or plunder, or smuggled goods, or because they had not office. In not a few cases it is such whose names have served for the high-sounding fourth of July orators ; for the bun- combe specchifier and the flippant editor, to base their eulogistic memoriams. Undoubtedly there are a few entitled to the place they occupy in the temple of fame; but the vast majority seem to have been actuated by mercenary motives. We have authenticated cases where prominent individuals took sides with the rebels be- cause they were disappointed in obtaining office ; and innumerable instances where wealthy persons were arrested, ostensibly on sus- picion, and compelled to pay large fines, and then set at liberty, No feudal tyrant of Europe in the olden times enforced black mail from the traveller with less compunction than rebel “ committees” exacted money from wealthy individuals who desired simply to remain neutral.

It has been said that Otis, a name revered by the Americans,

actually avowed that he ‘would set Massachusetts in a flame, though he should perish in the fire.’ For what? Not because he wanted liberty, but because his father was not appointed to a vacant

48 ' REBELS AND TORIES IN THE BALANCE,

judgeship! It is alleged that John Adams was at a loss which side to take, and finally became a rebel because he was refused a commission in the peace! It is said that Joseph Warren was a broken-down man, and sought, amid the turmoil of civic strife, to better his condition, And the immortal Washington, it is related, and has never been successfully contradicted, was soured against the mother county because he was not retained in the British army in reward for his services in the French war. Again, Richard Henry was disappointed in not receiving the office of stamp distri- butor, which he solicited. Franklin was vexed because of opposi- tion to his great land projects and plans of settlement on the Ohio, Indeed it is averred that mostly all the prominent whigs who sided with the rebels were young men, with nothing to lose and every- thing to gain by political changes and civil war. Thus it will be seen that the so-called American revolutionary heroes have not al- together clean hands, however much they may have been washed by their descendants. The clothing placed upon them may conceal the dirt and dross and blood, but they are indelibly there.

It is not alone the motives which constituted the mainsprings of the rebels’ action that we place in the balance, but their conduct towards those who Gdiffered from them. Individual instances of cruelty we shall have occasion to introduce; but it may here be said that it was the tories who acted as the conservators of peace against a mobocracy, and consequently were made to suffer great afflictions. It was because of this they were forced away to live and die as aliens to the land of their birth. The tories were Ameri- cans as well as the whigs; and when at last Great Britain ceased to try to coerce the colonies, and their independence was secured, then a nobler spirit should have obtained among the conquerors, and no one, because he had conscientiously been a conservative, should have been treated with opprobrium. It always becomes the victorious to be generous; and we, with all respect to many Amer- ican friends, submit that, had patriotism alone actuated the revolu- tionary party, the American loyalists would have been invited to join with the whigs in erecting a mighty nation. Had freedom, indeed, been the watchword then, as it has flauntingly been since, it would have been conceded that the tory had a right to his opinion as well as the whig to his. Do the Americans descant upon the wisdom and far-seeing policy of those who signed the Declaration of Independence and framed the constitution of the Union? Mon- roe, we doubt not, had a different opinion when he begot the doc-

MOTIVES OF LOYALISTS, 49

trine “America for the Americans.” Had the U. BE. Loyalists been treated honorably ; had they been allowed but their rights ; had they not been driven away ; then the name British American would forever have passed away; and instead of a belt of British provinces on their north, to constitute a ceaseless cause of misunderstanding with England, the star-spangled banner would, doubtless, long ago, have peacefully floated over all our land. Looking at the subject from this (an American ) stand-point, we see that a shortsighted policy—a vindictive feeling, a covetous desire for the property of the tories—controlled the movements of the hour; and when the terms of peace were signed the birthright of the American tory was signed away, and he became forever an alien. But, as we shall see, he, in consequence, became the founder of a Province which, like a rock, has resisted, and ever will resist; the northward extension of the United States.

MOTIVES OF THE LOYALISTS.

Whatever may have been the incentives to rebellion, yielded to by those who revolted, there cannot rest upon the mind of the honest reader of unbiassed history a doubt as to the motives of the loyalists. The home-spun eulogists of the United States revolution- ary soldiers have never ceased to dwell upon the principles which fired the | veasts of the patriots, and nerved their arms to deeds’ of daring and successful warfare ; all the time observing silence res- pecting the bravery of those who, from the same walks of' life, engaged in the strife as the determined antagonists to rebellion, They have again and again charged upon the “king’s men” that it was because they were servants of the Crown and feeders at the government stall that loyalty was assumed and fought for. But facts, when allowed to stand out uncovered by the cant of liberatists, declare, in words that may not be gainsayed, that there were a vast number who held no appointment under the Crown, yet who, from first to last, were true—naturally true—to their king and country. The great mass were essentially conservatives, called “tories,” They held the opinion that to rebel was not only unne- tessary but wrong. They believed that the evils of which the colonists had just reason to complain were not so great as to justify the extreme step taken by the signers of the Declaration of Indo- pendence; that any injustice existing was but temporary and would, when properly and calmly represented to the home government, be remedied ; that to convulse the colonies in war was an unjustifiably

4

ALU FEELINGS OF NATIONALITY.

harsh procedure ; and, entertaining such a belief, it is submitted that they were noble indeed in standing up for peace—for more moderate measures, Moreover, not unlikely, many were impressed with the view that the disaffected were laboring under an errone- ous idea of oppression; that the training incident to pioneer life, the previous wars with the French Canadians, the constant conten- tions with the Indians, had begotten false views of their rights, and made them too quick to discover supposed wrongs. Candidly im- pressed with such thoughts, they could not be otherwise than true to the natural instincts of their heart, and refuse to take part, or acquiesce in throwing overboard the government of England, and go become aliens to the flag under which they were born and had lived, and for which they had fought. Not many may cast aside their feelings of nationality ; not many can forget the land of their birth ; not a large number will bury the associations of a life-time without the most potent causes. And, doubtless, tho Anglo-Ameri- can who faithfully adhered to the old flag possessed all the ardor of a lofty patriotism. But the American writer has forgotten all this. In the broad sunlight of national success he has not discovered the sacred longings of the U.E. Loyalists for the Union Jack. Looking at the events of 76 by the lurid glare of civil war, his eyes are blinded to the fact that a noble band, possessing equal rights with the rebels, loved England, notwithstanding all her faults, and _ for that love sacrificed their all of worldly goods. The citizens of the United States would prefer to have it said in history that the U. E. Loyalists, in every instance, voluntarily left their homes during the war, or at its close. The loyalists are thereby, no doubt, made to appear more devotedly attached to the British Crown. But it is right to have it distinctly stated that American writers mostly make themselves guilty of suppressio veri, The latest instance of this is seen in a report to the Hon. Hugh McCullough, Secretary of the Treasury, prepared by E. H. Derby, Commissioner of the Trea- sury Department, dated January Ist, 1866, who, in remarking upon the British Colonial policy from 1776 down to 1830, takes occasion to say that, “at first there was little fellowship between the United States and the Provincialists, many of whom were descended from the loyalists who followed the British troops from our shores.” The fact is, however, that many of them were driven away. The tories were not loyal without sense; and when the fortune of war had tured against them, they would, in‘great numbers, have made the best of their changed condition, and have lived to become true citizens of the

THE EDUCATED, LOYALISTS. 51

new-born nation. But this was not to be. The loyalists were to be made feel that they were outcasts. It is the same ignoble and un- statesmanlike course which is now being pursued toward the subdued South. They must needs be made to know they are rebels. It is a shortsighted policy, even as the former was. The former led to the establishment of a nation to their north, which will stand, even after the Union lies in fragments; the latter fosters a feeling of alienation, which will speak upon the first opportunity, in the thunder tones of war.

If a comparison is instituted between the rebels of 17 76, and those who were conservators of peace, the contrast is found to be very great. It is charged against the loyalists that all oftice-holders were tories ; but is this more worthy of remark than the fact that many became rebels because they could not obtain oftice, Nay, the latter is infinitely more heinous in its nature. If we look at the two par- ties, with respect to education and, it may be added, religion, it is found that the great bulk of the educated and refined, the religious classes, especially the clergy, the leading lawyers, the most prominent medical men, were all loyalists. It was not because they were oftice- holders, it was because they possessed a moral and elevated mind, educated to a correct standard. Then, again, there was a large class of citizens who loved retirement, and who begged to be allowed to remain neutral, but who were actually compelled to take sides with the rebels or be driven away.

The peaceably inclined, who iooked for guidance to their spiri- tual instructors, generally beheld them, if not actually advocating the interests of the crown, at least setting an example against rebellion, and they were thus strengthened in their feelings of loyalty, or deter- mination to remain neutral. The flame of patriotism was kept aglow in many a heart by the earnest prayer of the gospel minister. Says Sabine: “From what has now been said it is evident that a very con- siderable proportion of the professional and editorial intelligence and talents of the thirteen colonies was arrayed against the popular move- ment.” Again: “a large number of the clergy were United Empire Loyalists.” Also, “ the giants of the law were nearly all loyalists.” The physicians were mostly tories, but were, as a general thing, not molested. “A few were banished; others became surgeons in the army.”

52 THE RESULT,

CHAPTER VI.

Contents :—Republicanism—The lesson of the first rebellion—The late civil war —-The Loyalists; their losses and hardships—Ignored by Ameri:ans—Un- recorded — The world kept in ignorance—- American glory — English- men — Question of Colonial treatment —The reason why Great Britain failed to subdue the rebellion —Character of the rebel bravery—The great result—Liberty in England and United States contrasted—Slavery— The result to U. E. Loyalists—Burgoyne—Mobocracy—Treatment from “Sons of Liberty’ —Old men, women and children—Instances of cruelty— Brutality—Rapacity—Torture--The lower c!>sses—“ Swamp Law’’—Fiend- ish cruelty—-Worse than Butler's Rangers—Seward and the Fenians—Infa- mous falsification—-Close of the war—Recognition of independence by Great Britain—Crushed hopes of the Loyalists--In New York—Their conduct— Evacuation day—The position of the Loyalists—Confiscation—“Attainting” —Seizing estates—Paine—Commissioners at Paris—British Ministry-—-Loy- alists’ petition—-King’s speech—Division of claimants—Six classes—The number—Tardy justice—-Noble conduct of South Carolina---Impostors--- Loyalists in Lower Canada---Proclamation---The soldiers’ families---Journey- ings---Meeting of families.

THE RESULT.

Almost a hundred years have passed away since the war-cloud arose which swept away thirteen of Britain’s colonies upon the uncer- tain and tempest-tossed ocean of Republicanism. That storm is long since stilled, as well as the hearts of those who took part therein.

While the statesman and politician muy, with advantage, study the lesson then read, and which has been but lately annotated by the United States civil war, by the determined subjection of eight mil- lions of Southerners, who desired freedom to establish a new govern- ment, let it be our humble occupation to record some of the immediate individual results of that great tempest, of which American writers, with but few exceptions, have never spoken fairly. Writers among them are not wanting to give lively pen pictures of their revolutionary heroes; not only forgetting the sufferings of the loyalists—the devo- ted ones, who gave up all—property, homes, friends, all the associa- tions of a birth-place, rather than bow the knee to Baal ; but who have wilfully misrepresented them ; have charged them with crimes, at once atrocious and unfounded. The sufferings, the losses, the hard- ships, incident to pioneer life, with the noble purposes and undevia- ting loyalty of the British American’ tories, have never been fully related—never engaged the pen of the faithful historian. American writers, on the contrary, have recorded in glowing colors the deeds and actions of the “fathers of the Republic.” To this no objection can be made; but may we not charge those historians with unchari- tableness, with unnecessary neglect of the claims of the loyalists to

CAUSE OF SUCCESS. 53

pure motives, with ignoring their brave deeds, their devoted suffer ings, and with unduly ascribing to the “ king’s men” motives base and cruel. But the sufferings of the U. E. Loyalists are unrecorded. The world has rarely been told that they were persecuted, their homes pillaged, their persons maltreated, their valuables seized, their houses made desolate, their real estate taken from them, without legal pro- ceedings. The world has been so flooded with the writings of Ameri- cans, describing their own excellencies and eulogizing their own cause, that no space has been found to do simple justice to the noble ones who preferred British rule to the uncertain and untried. Indeed, so strongly and for so long a time as the current been flow- ing to swell the ocean of American glory, that hardly a voice or pen is found doing service for the unfortunate loyalists, who chose to endure a little rather than rush into the vortex of rebellious strife. Even Englishmen have so long listened to one-sided statements, that no one of them can be found to ss y a word for the old tory party of America. Hence it is that the U. E. Loyalists are very imperfectly known; their history unwritten, their tules of sorrow unattended to, their noble doings unsung. Had there been a hand to guide a describ- ing pen,—to picture the doings, the sufferings, the self-denying heroism of the loyal barty ; to recount the motives underlying all they did; and had there been ears as willing to listen, and eyes to read, and hearts to receive the facts as those of a contrary nature have obtained, then a far different impression would have been made, and fixed upon the world.

That the British Government was right or wise in its treatment of the American colonies we now haye every reason to doubt. At the same time, that England might have subdued that rebellion, had she put forth her undivided strength, there is but little reason to question. Had she not been engaged in a formidable war with France ; or even with that, had her statesmen acquired a correct knowledge of America as to topography, and as to the feelings and wishes of the people and their just complaints; or had able generals been entrusted with the command of the armies, instead of incompetent favorites ; or had a little diplomacy been practiced, and the ringleaders of the whig fac- tion—often hungry agitators—been conciliated by office; in either event the rebellion might have been nipped in the bud, or easily over- come. The American Republic owes its independence to the circum- stances in which Great Britain was then placed, and the incapacity of a few of the British Generals, rather than to superior bravery, extra- ordinary military talent, or any high-toned longing for liberty, No

54 EFFECT UPON THE LOYALISTS.

doubt many of the rebelling party were brave ; but it was often the bravery of the guerilla, or the desperate adventurer.

Of the great result—the recognition of the independence of the rebelling provinces by the mother country—we design not to speak at length. It will always. remain a question, whether it would not have been better for the States{themselves, and the world at large, if they had remained a part of the British Empire. That the evils of which they complained would, in due time, have been removed, upon proper representation, there is no substantial reason to doubt. That the principles of true freedom would have advanced and spread quite as rapidly, and that, to-day, liberty, in the broadest sense, would have reigned in the world fully as triumphaat, the whole history of Eng- land and the United States sufficiently attest. It was many long years after Britain had struck off the chains of slavery before the United States reached the same point; and then only because it became a “military necessity.” Looking at the two nations to-day, and judging by the utterances of the two respective people, whether enunciated in the halls of legislature, by the head of the nation, by the bar, in the pulpit, by the press, or from the platform ; or if we be guided by the public deeds of each, it is submitted that the more genuine ring of the metal sounds from beneath the wide-spreading banner of old England.

The effect of the successful rebellion, to which it is intended to refer, has reference to the UnitedjHmpire Loyalists of America, And first, the effect upon them during the war.

The defeat of Burgoyne was the first event which immediately led to severe disaster of the loyalists. This general, with more assu- rance than foresight, and perhaps more courage than military skill, succeeded, not only in leading his army to destruction, but in placing the friendly inhabitants on his, route in such a position that no mercy was subsequently extended to them by the ruthless rebels. When he surrendered, instead of securing for them immunity from any hatm, he entirely neglected their interests ; notwithstanding they had sup- plied his troops with provision. The relentless conduct of the rebels in arms and the whig goverament was bloodthirsty and vindictive. Their hate towards those who would not take sides with them, whether in arms for the Crown or not, was barbarous. Persons sus- pected of sympathy with the tories were subjects of continued moles- tation. Mobocracy reigned. Vagabond bodies of men were sent abroad to range the country, to lay waste and destroy the property of the loyalists, imprison the suspected, and seize the goods of the un-

THE “SONS OF LIBERTY,”’ 55

protected. ‘'Tarring and feathering was of common occurrence. Massachusetts especially gained a name for cruelty far exceeding any which has been applied to the Indians, with all their barbarism. There was a villainous band who called themselves the “Sons of Lib- erty,” who carried fire and sword—not against an open enemy in the light of day, but to peaceful firesides in the darkness of night. Their victims were the old men, the women and children, and the defence- less. Old men and children were driven to the woods for shelter, or placed in a closed room, and, with chimney stopped, smoked to suffo- cation. Females were subject to insult and the most fiendish treat- ment, Dwellings were fired at night, and their occupants left house- less, and exposed to the tnclemency of the weather,

Suspected persons were arrested and put to terrible torture, such as attaching a rope to the neck and hauling the individual through the water till insensible ; or.suspending him to a tree till life was al- most gone, This was frequently done with the object of extracting information as to the whereabouts of a father or a brother, or as to the place where money and valuables were concealed. The tales of cruelty the writer has heard related concerning the treatment the loyal party were exposed to, would harrow up tlie soul of any one possessing feelings of pity and commiseration.

The loyalists who immediately suffered, that is, While the war Was in progress, Were many. Military forts were established here and there, to which many fled precipitately from the several States.

It is a matter of extreme astonishment how men who set up the standard of revolt under the sacred name of liberty, could so far ignore the firinciples of liberty in the treatment of innocent old men, women and children, as we find stated by honest witnesses. The darkest tales of savage dealing come to us from our fathers. Families, whose sole offence consisted in being unwill- ing to rebel, and in being desirous to remain faithfully neutral, were the objects of the rapacious prey of a brutal soldiery, Their subsiance when not available for the rebel horde, was scattered to the winds. Devouring fire was cast into peaceful homes. How gross the hypocracy, how base the motives that actuated very many of the adventurers in rebellion. The most hellish means were adopted at times, to force away persons of property, that the so- called “ Sons of Liberty” might enjoy their substance and homes, Attending these scenes of desolation and refined crulty, their imprisonments and torture, were incidents of thrilling interest, of fearful suffering, of hairbreadth escapes, of forlorn rescues.

56 CRUELTY TO WOMEN.

The lower classes of those who rebelled were men of bold and lawless nature; whether we pass along the shores of New England, among the fishermen, or travel thorough the woods of Maine and New Hampshire, and become acquainted with woodmen of the forest, or as they were called “Loggers and Sawyers.” The spirit that animated the merchants of Boston and Salem, in their extended operations of smuggling, lived, also, in the reckless fishermen and woodmen; and for years before the rebellion really commenced they had been resisting, even by physical force, the revenue officers, who were often expelled from the woods by what was called “swamp law.” Men with such nature, finding that their lawless. ness had become popular, and that steps were being taken to resist the government on a general plan, were not slow to act their part. One result of the rebellion was a determined and systematic course of retaliation upon those who had recognized the majesty of the law. A continued and uncompromising persecution was entered upon toward them.

No history can parallel the deeds of atrocity enacted by the villanious “Liberty men.” Said an old lady, on the verge of the grave, and with voice tremulous in temembrance of fiendish acts she had witnessed. “The Rebels, on one occasion entered a house and stripped it of everything, even the bed on which lay & woman on the point of confinement, But a single sheet was left to cover the woman upon a winters night, who, before morning became a mother.” In 1776, there arrived at Fort George, in a starving state, Mrs. Nellis, Mrs. Secord, Mrs. Young, Mrs. Buck and Mrs. Bonnar, with thirty-one children, whom the circumstances of the rebellion had driven away. Talk about the cruelty of Indians and of Tory oppression. The unprincipled rebels did well to try to hide their ignominious deeds behind the fabrications respecting the doings of Butler’s Rangers, and the noble-minded Brant. May we not cease to wonder that the descendents of the rebels in the year 1866, endeavour to hound on a pack of thieves and murderers to possess themselves ofthe homes our fathers sought out for us. The self-applauding writers of the revolutionary war, found it convenient to forget the doings of the “ Sons of Liberty” and of Sullivan, while they laid to the charge of Butler’s Rangers and the Indians, acts of inhumanity (which we are informed on good authority are unfounded, Butler having never abused woman or child.) In thesame manner, Secretary Seward found it desirable to falsify dates, by saying the Fenians invaded Canada on the 6th of June, that it might appear he

RECOGNITION OF INDEPENDENCE. 57

had vindicated promptly their neutrality laws ;” whereas they actu- ally crossed, and engaged in battle, on the morning of the 2nd, But as time will fully bring out the facts connected with the first American rebellion, and place them face to face with one-sided history, so will faithful history record the whole truth of the infamous invasion of our country by a band of American citizens with United States arms in their hands. Those deeds of blood, enacted by men under the hypocritical cry of liberty have not been forgotten by the United Empire Loyalists, but have been handed down to us, to place on récord against the cruel actors,

Hostilities ceased 19th April, 1783, and on the 20th Septembor, the independence of the United States was acknowledged.

The recognition of independence by Great Britain, was the

death knell to the cherished hopes of the loyalists. Many had escaped into the provinces, and many were in the army, and not a fow were in England. Although the majority of them had been driven away, a few still remained in those places, yet held by the British forces, as New York. “When the news of peace became known, the city presented a scene of distress not easily described, Adherents to the Crown, who were in the army, tore the lappels from their coats and stamped them under their feet, and exclaimed that they were ruined; others cried out they had sacrificed every- thing to prove their loyalty, and were now left to shift for them- selves, without the friendship of their king or country. Previous to the evacuation, and in September, upwards of 12,000 men, women, and chidren, embarked at the city, at Long and Staten Islands, for Nova Scotia and the Bahamas,” and for Canada. “Some of these victims to civil war tried to make merry at their doom, by sayiug they were bound to a lovely countr y, where there are nine months winter and three months cold weather every year, while others, in their desperation tore down their houses, and had they not been prevented, would have carried off the bricks of which they were built.” The British had pussessed New York since 15th September, 1776, and on the 25th November, 1783, yielded it up to the Americans. This is “ Evacuation day.” When Cornwallis surrendered he vainly tried to obtain a promise of protection for the Loyal Americans, who, in part, formed his army. Failing in this, he sent an armed vessel away with a large number.

At this time, beside the many who had become refugees, there

58 CONFISCATING PROPERTY.

were some loyalists scattered through the States. Many of these remained in the now Independent States, and many of them would have returned, to become faithful citizens under the new order of things, had they been allowed so to do, But the young Republic knew not how to be magnanimous to those whom the fortunes of war had left in great distress—whom they had conquered, and the United Empire Loyalists were made aliens from their native homes, Their property must be confiscated, and many being large land owners, rich prizes were thus secured. While the conflict continued to rage there Was some excuse, but when war had ceased, and everything had been accomplished that the most craving rebel could wish, it was a ruthless, an ungenerous, nay, a base proceed. ing on the part of the revolutionists, to foree away their very brethren, often related by the ties of consanguinity. But it was a spirit as unprincipled as this, which instigated the rebellion, and which characterized the vast majority of those who fought under the sacred name of liberty, and such was the spirit of the conquerors,

The successful rebels determined to possess themselves of the lands and property of the loyalists, even in violation of treaty. The action of Congress was sufficiently high-handed and wanting in generosity ; but the proceedings of the State Legislatures, with a few exceptions, were execrable—characterized by ignoble and vindictive passion.

The Legislatures of each state took early steps to punish the adherents of Britain, to dispossess them of their property, and to banish them, Massachusetts took the lead in dealing severely against the loyalists. A rebel magistrates’ warrant was sufficient to banish one, Hundreds of Massachusetts Loyalists were prohi- bited from returning on penalty of imprisonment and even death, And the other States were active in ‘ attainting ” and confiscating, often without the form of trial. Each State carried on its function as a government, and trials ought to have been granted, in common justice to every one. But the Whigs were intolerent, hot-headed, malevolent, unforgiving. It has been said that “if it be conceded that rebellion against England was right, then every step necessary to success was justifiable. If we grant all this there remains the fact that after success had crowned rebellion, persecution and con- fiscation continued. New York, on the 12th May, 1784, passed “ An act for the speedy sale of the confiscated and forfeited estates

THR TREATY OF PARIS. 59

within the States.” Tho powers consisted in the appointment of “commissioners of forfeitures.” Among those who lost their land was one Dayoe. He had 300 acres near New York, twenty miles, which was confiscated and given to the notorious Tom Paine, the infidel, whose extreme liberal views expressed in his work, Com- mon Sense,” made him the friend of Washington, and revolutionists generally, Paine, after taking part in the French Revolutions, came, in 1802, to his place in New York, where he enjoyed the loyalists’ confiscated property until his death, 8th June, 1809.

In the terms of peace signed at Paris, there was no security effected for the losses sustained by the American Loyalists.

As Burgoyne at his inglorious surrender at Saratoga, thought not of the innocent inhabitants of the Mohawk and Hudson, who had.indentified themselves with the loyal cause, and supplied his troops with provisions, and left them to the merciless “Sons of Liberty,” to be despoiled of their all, and exposed to fearful cruelty, so at the last, when the British Government relinquished the attempt to subdue rebellion, the American Loyalists were of remote consideration. We can gather now but the outlines of this great wrong done unto noble men. The particulars are buried in the wreck of fortune, and of happiness, respecting all worldly matters. The after life of the loyalists was of too earnest a nature to allow time to place on record the sufferings, and the wanderings of the disinherited. The Jost cause did not stimulate men to draw upon imagination, such as may be found in gaudy-hued descriptions of American revolutionary heroes, male and female. But there is sufficient of facts recorded, and engraven by the iron pen of extreme anguish upon hearts, that were of flesh, to stamp the persecutors with infamy, andjmark the refugees, that clustered around the border forts, and found homes at Sorel, Lachine, and Montreal, with the highest attributes of patriotism and love of country,

The conduct of the ministry, and the commissioners at Paris is open to the severest censure. They left the claims of the loyalists to be decided by the American Congress. We may allow them the credit of having held the belief, that this body would be actuated by a feeling of justice and right, but the error was a grave one, the wrong grievous and hard to be endured. In pursu- ing this course, the British ministry did not escape condemnation by members of Parliament, and a feeling of sympathy was evoked

60 THE BRITISH PARLIAMENT.

that led to a tardy dispensing of justice. Lord North said “ that never were the honor, the principles, the policy of a nation, so grossly abused as in the desertion of those men, who are now exposed to every punishment that desertion and poverty can inflict, because they were not rebels.” Mr. Sheridan ‘‘ execrated the treatment of those unfortunate men, who, without the least notice taken of their civil and religious rights, were handed over as subjects to a power that would not fail to take vengence on them for their zeal and attachment to the religion and government of the mother country,” “ and he called it a crime to deliver them over to confiscation, tyranny, resentment and oppression.” Lord Loughborough said that “in ancient nor modern history had there been so shameful a desertion of men who had sacrificed all to their duty and to their reliance upon British faith.’ Others, in terms of equal severity, denounced the ministry in Parliament for their neglect. The ministry udmitted it all, but excused themselves by the plea that “a part must be wounded, that the whole of the empire may not perish’’—that they “had but the_alternative, either to accept the terms proposed, or continue the war.”

“A number of loyalists in England, came to the United States to claim restitution of their estates, but their applications were unheeded,” except to imprison, and banish them.

The treaty of peace signed, without any provision for the suffering loyalists, they at once took steps to petition the Imperial Parliament for justice. ‘They organized anagency, and appointed a Committee, composed of one delegate, oragent from each of the thirteen States, to enlighten the British pnblic.” ‘“ At the opening of Parliament the King, in his speech from the throne, alluded to the ‘American sufferers’ and trusted generous attention would be | shewn to them.’” An act was consequently passed creating a *‘ Board of Commissioners ” to examine the claims preferred. The claimants were divided into six classes,

‘« First Class—Those who had rendered service to Great Britain.”

* Second Class.—Those who had borne arms for Great Britain.

“‘ Third Class ——Uniform Loyalists.”

“ Fourth Class.—Loyal British subjects residents in Great Britain,”

“ Fifth Class—Loyalists who had taken oaths to the American States, but afterward joined the British.”

TARDY REMUNERATION. 61

“ Sixth Class. —Loyalists who had borne arms for the American States, and afterwards joined the British navy or army.”

The claimants had to state in writing, and specifically the nature of their losses. Great and unnecessary caution was observed by the Board. The rigid rules of examinations caused much dissat- isfaction and gave the Board the name of “ Inquisition.”

The 26th of March, 1784, was the latest period for presenting claims, which was allowed, and on or before that day, the number of claimants was two thousand and sixty-three. A “second report which was made in December of the same year, shows that one hundred and twenty-eight additional cases had been disposed of.” In May and July 1865, one hundred and twenty-two cases more were disposed of. In April 1786, one hundred and forty more were attended to. The commissioners proceeded with their inves- tigations during the years 1786 and 1787.” ‘“ Meantime” and to her honor be it said ‘South Carolina had restored the estates of

several of her loyalists.”

Years passed away before the commissioners had decided upon all the claims, and great and loud was the complaint made by the claimants. The press was invoked to secure a more prompt con- cession of justice, pamphlets were published on their behalf, and one printed in 1788, five years after the peace, contained the following: ‘It is well that this delay of justice has produced the most melancholy and shocking events. A number of the sufferers have been driven by it into insanity, and become their own destroyers, leaving behind them their helpless widows and orphans to subsist upon the cold charity of strangers. Others have been sent to cultivate a wilderness for their subsistance, without having the means, and compelled through want, to throw themselves on the mercy of the American States, and the charity of their former friends, to support the life which might have been made comfortable by tne money long since due from the British Government, and many others, with their families are barely subsisting upon a temporary allowance from government, a mere pittance when compared with the sum due them.”

The total number of claimants was 5,072, of whom 924 with- drew or failed to make good the claim. The sum of money allowed was £3,294,452. We have seen there was, in addition, given to the widows and orphans, between 20,000 and 30,000 pounds.

There is no doubt that a certain number of the claimants were

62 LOYALISTS IN CANADA.

imposters, while many asked remuneration above what their losses had actually been, and this caused the commissioners to examine more closely the claims proffered. But it is submitted that they ought, in dealing with the money already granted by a considerate Parliament, to have leaned on the side of clemency.

At the close of the contest there were a large number of Refugees in Lower Canada, especially at Fort St. John, about twenty-nine miles from Montreal. In the main these were Ameri- can born, and principally from the New England States; yet there were representatives from England, Ireland, Scotland and Germany, Besides the Refugees, there were several Provincial Corps, which were no longer to be retained in the service, but to be disbanded. Of these there was the 84th, often called Johnson’s regiment, this was 800 strong, mostly Dutch, from the Mohawk, and Hudson, descendants of the old stock. This regiment consisted of two corps, one under Major Jessup, stationed at St. John’s, and the other under Rogers, a part of which at least, was stationed at Fort Oswego, Jessups corps became the first pioneers upon the St. Law- rence, and Rogers among the first along the Bay of Quinté. Both settled in 1784. There were other troops stationed at St. John’s, and likewise not a few who had discharged irregular, but important duties, as scouts, and in other ways.

It has been generally estimated that at the close of the str uggle, and as a result, there were distributed of American Loyalists upon the shores of Canada, about 10,000. At the first, most of these were in Lower Canada, but’ there were likewise a few at the frontier forts upon the Upper waters, and a few detached squatters. Then, “there was not a single tree cut from the (present) Lower Province line to Kingston, 150 miles; and at Kingston there were but a few surrounding huts; and from thence all around Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, with the exception of a few Indian huts on some desolate spot of hunting ground, all was a dense wilderness.” (Ex Sheriff Sherwood.)

“A proclamation was issued,” says Croil in his history of Dundas, “that all who wished to continue their allegiance to Britain, should peaceably rendezvous at certain points on the frontiers. These were, Sackets Harbour, Carleton Island, Oswego and Niagara, on the Upper Canada confines ; and Isle Aux Nois, on the borders of Lower Canada. Jessup’s Corps was stationed at Isle Aux Nois, and late in the autumn of 1783, the soldiers were joined by their wives and little ones, who had wandered the weary way 01

AMERICAN TROOPS, 63

foot, to Whitehall, through swamps and forest,—beset with diffi- culties, dangers, and privaticns innumerable. The soldiers met them there with boats, and conveyed them the rest of their journey by water, through Lake Champlain. Imagination fails us when we attempt to form an idea of the emotions that filled their hearts, as families, that had formerly lived happily together, surrounded with peace and plenty, and had been Separated by the rude hand of war, now met each others embrace, in circumstances of abject poverty. A boisterous passage was before thum, in open boats, exposed to the rigors of the season—a dreary prospect of the coming winter, to be speat in pent up barracks, and a certainty should they be spared, of undergoing a lifetime of such hardships, toil and privation, as are inseperable from the settlement of a new country.” As soon as the journey was accomplished, the soldiers and their families, were embarked in boats, sent down to Richelieu to Sorel, thence to Montreal, and on to Cornwall, by the iaborious and tedious route of the St. Lawrence. (See settlement of Ernest town.)

.

CHAPTER VII.

Contents :—A spirit of strife—The French war—British American Troops—F or- mer comrades opposed—Number of U. E. Loyalists in the field—General Burgoyne—Defeat—First reverse of British arms—The campaign—Colonel St. Leger—Fort Stanwix—Colonel Baume—Battle of Bennington—General Herkimer—Gates—Schuyler— Braemar Heights— Saratoga— Surrender — The result,upon the people—Sir John Johnson—Sir William—Sketch—In- dian Chief—Laced coat—Indian’s dream—It comes to pass—Sir William dreams—It also comes to pass——Too hard a dream—Sir J ohn—Attempt to arrest—Escape—Starving— Royal Greens— Johnson's losses— Living in Canada—Death—Principal Corps of Royalists—King’s RKangers—Queen’s Rangers—Major Rogers—Simcoe— The Rangers in Upper Canada---Dis- banded---The Hessians.

The seven years’ war between Canada and New England, in: which a large number of the Colonists were engaged, had created not a few officers of military worth and talent, while a spirit of strife and contention had been engendered among the people gen- erally. The Colonial war, carried on with so much determination, was stimulated, not. so much by the “aglish ration at home as by New Englanders. It was they who wre chietiy interested in the

64 INCOMPETENT GENERALS.

overthrow of French power in Canada. While money and men had been freely granted by the Imperial Government, the several colo- nies had also freely contributed. They “furnished in that war quite twenty-eight thousand men, in more than one of the campaigns, and every year to the extent of their ability.” “On the ocean, full twelve thousand seamen were enlisted in the Royal Navy and in the Colonial Privateers.” In this manner had been formed a taste for military life, which waited to be gratified, or sought for food. When, therefcre, the unsavory acts of England wounded the Colo- nial vanity, and demagogues traversed the country to embitter the feelings of the mass against the king, the hot-headed were not slow to advise an appeal to arms. At the seme time, the loyal in heart, the conservators of Imperial interest, viewing with wonder and alarm the manifestation of fratricidal war—of rebellion, felt it their duty to take up arms against the unprincipled (and often dishonest) agitators, and endeavor to crush out the spirit of revolt. And thus it came, that very many who had fought side by side at Ticonder- ago, Crown Point, Du Quesne, Niagara, Oswego, Frontenac, Mont- real, and around Quebec, under a common flag, were now to-«be arrayed in hv stile bands. Not state against state, nor yet merely neighbor against neighbor, but brother against brother, and father against son! Civil war, of all wars, is the most terrible: in addi- tion to the horrors of the battle-field, there is an upheaving of the very foundation of society. All the feelings of brotherhood, of christian love, are paralyzed, and the demon of destruction and cruelty is successfully invoked.

Behold, then, the British Americans divided into two parties; each buckling on the armor to protect from the other, and sharp- ening the weapons of warfare to encounter his kindred foe. The contest of 1776-’83 is most generally looked upon as one between the English and Americans; but in reality it was, at first—so far as fighting went—between the conservative and rebel Americans. In an address to the king, presented by the loyalists in 1779, it is stated that the number of native Americans in his service exceeded those enlisted by Congress. Another address, in 1782, says that “there are more men in his Majest;’s provincial regiments than there is in the continental service.” Sabine says that ‘there were 25,000, at the lowest computation.” IPfsuch be the case, the ques- tion may well be asked, how came it that the rebels succeeded? Looking at the matter from our distant stand-point, through the light of events we find recorded, there seems but one conclusion at

BURGOYNE’S CAMPAIGN. 65

which we may arrive, namely, that the disaster to the British arms was due—altogether due—to the incapacity of certain of the gen- erals to whom was intrusted the Imperial interests in America.

THE COMBATANTS—BURGOYNE.

The most notable instance of mistaken generalship was thut of Burgoyne. His campaign in the summer of 1777, and the final overthrow of his army and surrender at Saratoga, will engage our particular attention; inasmuch as it was the first decided reverse to the British arms, and by giving courage to the rebels, assisted much to further their cause. Thereby their faith was strengthened, and the number of rebels increased from no inconsiderable class, who waited to join the strongest party. Again, the scene of this campaign was close to the borders of Canada, and there followed a speedy escape of the first refugees from the Mohawk valley and the Upper Hudson to the friendly shores of the St. Lawrence.

A year had elapsed since the Declaration of Independence, and England had sent troops to America, with the view of assistin g the forcee there to subdue the malcontents. In the early part of July, Burgoyne set out from Lower Canada with about 8,500soldiers, 500 Indians, and 160 Canadians, intending to traverse the country to Albany, possessing himself of all rebel strongholds on the way, and thence descend along the river Hudson, to New York, to form a junction witl: General Howe, that city having been captured from the rebels the 15th September previous. Passing by way of Lake Champlain, he encountered the enemy on the 6th July, and captured Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, with 128 cannon, several armed vessels, a quantity of baggage, ammunition and pro- visions. “This easy conquest inflamed his imagination.” The