|o/5~
/ 1
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY
Vol. XIII
1962 — 1963
BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) LONDON: 1964
DATES OF PUBLICATION OF THE PARTS
No. i . • • • .26 October 1962
No. 2 . . .26 October 1962
No. 3 . .18 January 1963
No. 4 . • • • .12 February 1963
No. 5 .20 February 1963
No. 6 .... .20 February 1963
No. 7 . 30 April 1963
No. 8 . . 30 April 1963
No. 9 . . • 31 May 1963
No. 10 . • • 31 May 1963
No. ii . 9 July 1963
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY THOMAS DE LA RUE & COMPANY LIMITED LONDON
CONTENTS
ENTOMOLOGY VOLUME XIII
PAGE
No. i. A revision of the genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae). By D. R. RAGGE i
No. 2. New Diaspididae (Homoptera : Coccoidea) from the Indo-Malayan
region. By W. J. HALL & D. J. WILLIAMS 19
No. 3. On the genera of Indo-Pakistan Cleoninae and Hylobiinae (Coleop-
tera : Curculionidae). By N. A. ASLAM 45
No. 4. A synonymic list of the genus Nacaduba and allied genera
(Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). G. E. TITE 67
No. 5. On the Trichoptera of Ethiopia. By D. E. KIMMINS 117
No. 6. A new genus of Lipteninae (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae). By H.
STEMPFFER & N. H. BENNETT 171
No. 7. Re visional notes on African Char axes (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae)
Pt. i. By V. G. L. VAN SOMEREN 195
No. 8. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. II. Acrididae, Acridinae.
By V. M. DIRSH 243
No. 9. A revision of the genus Calliptamus Serville (Orthoptera : Acrididae).
By N. D. JAGO 287
No. 10. A study of the types of some little-known genera of Diaspididae with descriptions of new genera (Hemiptera : Coccoidea). By N. S. BORCHSENIUS & D. J. WILLIAMS. 351
No. ii. A revision of the world species of the genus Endotricha Zeller
(Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) By P. E. S. WHALLEY 395
Index to Volume XIII 455
A REVISION OF THE GENERA
PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH,
BUETTNERIA KARSCH AND
LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)
D. R. RAGGE
BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. i
LONDON: 1962
A REVISION OF THE GENERA
PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH, BUETTNERIA
KARSCH AND LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)
BY
D. R RAGGE
British Museum (Natural History
H
ryf
Pp. 1-17 ; 32 Text-figures
BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. i
LONDON: 1962
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year.
This paper is Vol. 13, No. I of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
Trustees of the British Museum, 1962
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Issued October, 1962 Price Six Shillings
A REVISION OF THE GENERA
PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH, BUETTNERIA
KARSCH AND LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD
(ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE)
By D. R. RAGGE
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION ........... 3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......... 4
MATERIAL ............ 4
KEY TO THE GENERA ......... 4
PHLAUROCENTRUM KARSCH 4
BUETTNERIA KARSCH n
LEIODONTOCERCUS CHOPARD 13
MYLLOCENTRUM GEN. N 15
REFERENCES ........... 17
SYNOPSIS
The genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard are fully revised. A new genus is described, based on a species previously included in Phlaurocentrum Karsch. One generic and one specific synonym are newly established, and five new species are described.
INTRODUCTION
THE genera Phlaurocentrum Karsch, Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard form a fairly homogeneous group of Phaneropterinae, very similar in all important respects and doubtless of monophyletic origin. The group may be characterized by the presence of a well-developed fore coxal spine, a vertex with a compressed fasti- gium, and fore tibial tympana that are conchate internally and open externally ; the females have a hood-like tenth abdominal tergite, which completely conceals the supra-anal plate, and a greatly reduced, smooth-edged ovipositor.
The genus Phlaurocentrum Karsch has hitherto contained three species. One of these, Ph. stigmosum Karsch, was found to be generically quite distinct from the remaining two (and from the three new species described here) ; this species forms the basis of the new genus Myllocentrum gen. n., which links the group of genera mentioned above to Enochletica Karsch (see p. 16).
Throughout this paper " Congo Republic " refers to the former Belgian colony. The author's usual conventions are observed (see Ragge, 1957, p. 124) and the wing- vein nomenclature used is that of Ragge (1955).
ENTOM. 13, I I
4 D. R. RAGGE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I must extend my most sincere thanks to the following specialists who have been kind enough to send me type specimens and other material from their respective museums :—
Mr. P. Basilewsky, Dr. M. Beier, Mr. R. H. Carcasson, Dr. L. Chopard, Dr. K. K. Giinther, and Mr. D. C. Rentz.
I am particularly grateful to Dr. N. D. Jago, who has most kindly sent me specimens collected by him personally.
I also wish to thank Mrs. P. M. Newman for her practical assistance.
MATERIAL
In addition to the collection of the Phlaurocentrum group in the British Museum (Natural History), material was lent by the sources listed below, through the courtesy of the specialists mentioned above (the abbreviations used where the material is listed in detail are inserted in parenthesis).
Musee Royal de 1'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Coryndon Museum, Nairobi (Coryndon Mus.) ; Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris) ; Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco (Cal. Acad. Sci.).
KEY TO THE GENERA
1. Fastigium of the vertex relatively broad, as in Text-fig. 2. Hind femora less than half
the length of the fore wings. Ovipositor upcurved, as in Text-fig. 5
MYLLOCENTRUM gen. n. (p. 15) -. Fastigium of the vertex relatively narrow, as in Text-fig, i. Hind femora more than
half the length of the fore wings. Ovipositor not upcurved, as in Text-figs. 3 and 4 . 2
2. Fore wings long and narrow, as in Text-fig. 12. Hind femora more than three-quarters
of the length of the fore wings . . LEIODONTOCERCUS Chopard (p. 13)
-. Fore wings relatively shorter and broader, as in Text-figs. 6-n. Hind femora less than
three-quarters of the length of the fore wings ....... 3
3. Costal area of the fore wings abruptly constricted about halfway along their length by
an emargination of the anterior wing-margin, as in Text-fig, n. Ovipositor as in
Text-fig. 4 BUETTNERIA Karsch (p. n)
-. Costal area of the fore wings not constricted in this way, as in Text-figs. 6-10. Oviposi- tor as in Text-fig. 3, or very similar . . . PHLAUROCENTRUM Karsch (p. 4)
PHLAUROCENTRUM Karsch, 1888
Phlaurocentrum Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 445. Type-species, by monotypy, Phlaurocentrum latev^ttat^^m Karsch, 1888.
DIAGNOSIS, ffi. Fastigium of vertex compressed, not or hardly sloping to frons, sulcate above. Fore wings of moderate breadth, obliquely truncate apically, as in Text-figs. 6-10. Male subgenital plate with pair of styles.
DISCUSSION. This genus differs from Buettneria Karsch and Leiodontocercus Chopard in the shape of the vertex, in the presence of styles on the subgenital plate of the male, and in the structure of the ovipositor (cf. Text-figs. 3 and 4).
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCE N TR UM KARSCH 5
The species described under the name Phlaurocentrum stigmosum Karsch, 1896 differs in several important respects from Ph. latevittatum Karsch and the remaining four species included in the genus in this revision ; these differences make it impos- sible to retain this species in Phlaurocentrum Karsch, and I am erecting for it the genus Myllocentrum gen. n. (described on p. 15).
DISTRIBUTION. This genus occurs throughout the forested parts of Wallace's West African Sub-region, and also extends into Uganda.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Phlaurocentrum
The features of the male subgenital plate, on which this key has to be almost entirely based, cannot, unfortunately, be expressed in words, and reference must be made to Text-figs. 14-18. Although the females lack any striking diagnostic characters it may be possible to make a tentative identification of specimens of this sex not associated with males by reference to Text-figs. 28-31.
1. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 17 . . . Ph. maculatum sp. n. (p. 10) -. Tenth abdominal tergite not as in Text-fig. 17 . . . . . . . 2
2. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 18. Upper part of the lateral lobes of the
pronotum black, contrasting with the pale pronotal disc Ph. mecopodoid.es Karsch (p. 1 1) -. Tenth abdominal tergite not as in Text-fig. 18. Pronotum not coloured as above . 3
3. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 16. . . . . Ph. lobatum sp. n. (p. 9) -. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-figs. 14 or 15. . . . . . . 4
4. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 14 . . Ph. latevittatum Karsch (p. 7) -. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15 . . . . Ph. tuberosum sp. n. (p. 8)
FIGS. 1-5. The Phlaurocentrum group. 1-2. Anterior view of the dorsal part of the head of (i) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (z) Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch). 3-5. Lateral view of the ovipositor of (3) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (4) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch (Leiodontocercus Chopard is very similar) ; (5) M. stigmosum (Karsch).
D. R. RAGGE
13
FIGS. 6-13. The right fore wing (male in all cases except Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch)) of (6) Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch ; (7) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (8) Ph. lobatum sp. n.; (9) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (10) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch ; (u) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch ; (12) Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard ; (13) Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch) (female).
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH 7
i. Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch, 1888
Phlaurocentrum latevittatum Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 446. Holotype $, CONGO REPUBLIC : Kuako to Kimpoko (Buttner) (probably lost — see below).
DIAGNOSIS, g. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 14. Cerci as in Text-fig. 19. $. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 28.
FIGS. 14-31. The Phlaurocentrum group. 14-18. Dorsal view of the male tenth abdomi- nal tergite of (14) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (15) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (16) Ph. lobatum sp. n.; (17) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (18) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch. 19-27. Dorsal view of the left male cercus of (19) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (20) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (21) Ph. lobatum sp. n. (with ventrolateral view of the tip) ; (22) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (23) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch ; (24) Buettneria maculiceps Karsch ; (25) Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard ; (26) L. malleus sp. n.; (27) L. condylus sp. n. 28-31. Ventral view of the female subgenital plate of (28) Ph. latevittatum Karsch ; (29) Ph. tuberosum sp. n.; (30) Ph. maculatum sp. n.; (31) Ph. mecopodoides Karsch.
8 D. R. RAGGE
MEASUREMENTS
Males Female
Total length (4): 37-8-42 -8, mean 40-28 43-1
Median length of pronotum (3) : 3 • 9-4 • 6, mean 4-36 4-3
Length of hind femur (4) : 21-4-24-6, mean 22-82 23-2
Length of fore wing (4) : 28-4-32-6, mean 30-98 33-1
DISCUSSION. Males of this species may be easily recognized by the tenth abdominal tergite and cerci. The rounded lobes of the subgenital plate of the only female of this species that I have examined are probably also characteristic.
Through the kindness of Dr. K. K. Giinther of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, a prolonged search has been made for the holotype of Ph. latevittatum Karsch, but no female specimen bearing this name has been found. There is a female specimen in spirit in that museum which has the correct locality data and which is labelled " Phlaurocentrum fasciatum" ', a name that has never appeared in print ; this specimen appears to belong to the genus Phlaurocentrum Karsch, but as it is completely discoloured and in very poor condition it would serve no useful purpose to regard it as the holotype of the present species. Karsch (1891, p. 321) subsequently described the male sex of Ph. latevittatum Karsch from a specimen from Barombi (near Came- roons Mt.) ; Dr. Giinther has kindly lent me this specimen (which bears the number 5358) and I have used it to fix the identity of this species.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
CAMEROUN : Barombi, i $ (Preuss) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; Mundame, i <$ (Rhode) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; Lolodorf, i <$ (Conradt) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, xi.i935, i $ (Ghesquiere) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; 21 miles N.E. of Lusambe, n.viii. 1957, i $ (Ross 6- Leech) (Cal. Acad. Sci.).
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Cameroun and the Congo Republic.
2. Phlaurocentrum tuberosum sp. n.
DIAGNOSIS. ^. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15. Cerci as in Text-fig. 20. $. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 29.
DESCRIPTION. ^. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above.
Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes usually slightly deeper than long. Fore tibiae with about 5-7 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 9-10 external ventral spurs. Hind femora with about 4-7 external spines. Hind tibiae with about 17-21 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 7.
Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 15. Cerci as in Text-fig. 20.
General coloration brown, with variable amount of mottling on legs and wings and with darker brown stripe along top of head and pronotum. Sides of head, lateral lobes of pronotum, abdominal tergites and much of legs with darker brown spots. Tibial spurs and spines and femoral spines darkened. Stridulatory organ whitish or with whitish markings.
$. As male except for wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 29, poorly sclerotized in distal part.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH MEASUREMENTS
Total length (18)
Median length of pronotum (18)
Length of hind femur (15)
Length of fore wing (20)
Males Females
40-5-44-5, mean 42 -62 (8): 39-9-44-4, mean 41 -74
4- 1-4-7, mean 4-45 (10) : 4-3-4-9, mean 4-51
21 -1-24-7, mean 23-37 (9) : 22-0-26-0, mean 24-13
31 -4-34-6, mean 32-89 (8): 30-4-36-0, mean 32-09
VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines and the femoral spines vary in number. The intensity of the dark stripe along the top of the head and pronotum varies some- what. The distal part of the subgenital plate of the female is poorly sclerotized, and the appearance of the lobes varies quite widely in dried specimens.
DISCUSSION. The tenth abdominal tergite of the males of this species enables them to be easily recognized. The females differ in coloration from Ph. maculatum sp. n. and Ph. mecopodoides Karsch, and may be distinguished from Ph. latevittatum Karsch by the shape of the subgenital plate.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. UGANDA : Mabira Forest, 3^11.1913, <^ (Gowdey}.
Para types. UGANDA : Entebbe, 10-13 • vn • I9I4» * 3> * ? (Gowdey) ; Entebbe,
!2-i6.v.i9i4, r c£, i$ (Gowdey}; Entebbe, io.x.i9i3, i $ ( ); Entebbe,
v.1952, i c? (Pinhey} (Coryndon Mus.) ; Kampala, 17. xi. 1915, i ^ (— — ) ; Kampala, i-io.xii.i9i5, i <$ (Gowdey); Kivuvu, ig.viii.igi^, i <$ (Gowdey}; Kisaru, at light, 22. vi. 1933, i ^ (Johnston) ; Kawanda, 8. v. 1942, i$ (Taylor} ; Kisube [?], 2.viii.i9i3, i <£ (Gowdey}; Bwamba Forest, iv.1951, i <$ (Pinhey} (Coryndon Mus.); Bwamba (H.), vi.i948, i <$ (van Someren) ; Mwera [" Urw. Moera "], 1910, i $ (Grauer) (Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Kamogobe (SudMasisi), 8.^.1936, i$ (Lippens) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bafwarikubi, 12. ix. 1912, I $ (Christy} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Tshuapa, Flandria, 19. ix. 1941, i $ (Hulstaert} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bambesa, 26. iv. 1937, i <$ (Vrydagh) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Bambesa, ix. 1933, i $ (Bredo) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Region des Lacs, i $ (Sagona) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mongbwalu (Kilo), 1937, i <J (Harford-Jordens) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kivu, Kavumu to Kabunga (Mingazi), ix.igsi, i $ (Bomans) (Mus. Af. Cent.); Kilo, i <? (Abetti) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mwilambongo (Idlofa), 1947, i $ (Rev. Soeur Imelda} (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Uele-Itimbiri, Dingila, 29. ix. 1932, i $ (Vrydagh) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Kibali- Ituri, Geti, 1934, i $ (Scops) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Ituri, Medje, 1.^.1914, i $ (Christy) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Luhoho, R. Bunyakiri, 1,100 m., 6.ix.i957, i <£ (Ross & Leech) (Cal. Acad. Sci.) ; Beni Forest, ix.i947, i $ (Gedys) (Coryndon Mus.) ; CAMEROUN : Batouri distr., 3° 45' N., 13° 45' E., 750 m., i.v-6.vi.i935, i $ (Mer field).
In the British Museum (Natural History) unless otherwise stated.
DISTRIBUTION. The known range of this species extends across central Africa from Cameroun to Uganda.
3. Phlaurocentrum lobatum sp. n.
DIAGNOSIS. J. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 16. Cerci as in Text-fig. 21 with slight indentation at apex, unknown.
io D. R. RAGGE
DESCRIPTION. (J. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above.
Pronotum without lateral carinae, or with slight tendency towards their formation in posterior half ; lateral lobes about as deep as long. Fore tibiae with about 6 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 9-11 external ventral spurs. Hind femora with about 5-7 external spines. Hind tibiae with about 20-25 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 8.
Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 16. Cerci as in Text-fig. 21, with slight indentation at apex.
General coloration brown, with variable amount of mottling on legs and wings and with darker brown stripe along top of head and pronotum. Sides of head, lateral lobes of pronotum, abdominal tergites and much of legs with darker brown spots. Tibial spurs and spines and femoral spines darkened. Stridulatory organ whitish.
$ unknown.
MEASUREMENTS
Males
Total length (3) : 46-5-47-6, mean 47-20
Median length of pronotum (i) : 5-0
Length of hind femur (2) : 25 • 8-26 • 6, mean 26 • 20
Length of fore wing (3) : 35 • 8-37 • 9, mean 36 • 83
VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines and the femoral spines vary a little in number.
DISCUSSION. Males of this species may be easily recognized by their genitalia.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, 9-18^.1935, $ (Ghesquiere) (Mus. Af. Cent.). Paratypes. CONGO REPUBLIC: Oshwe, xii.igi3, 2 <$ (Maes) (i in Mus. Af. Cent., i in British Museum (Nat. Hist.)).
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Congo Basin.
4. Phlaurocentrum maculatum sp. n.
DIAGNOSIS. <$. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 17. Cerci as in Text-fig. 22. Conspicuously mottled in colour.
$. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 30. Conspicuously mottled in colour.
DESCRIPTION. 5*. Fastigium of vertex compressed, sulcate above.
Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes slightly deeper than long. Fore tibiae with about 6 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 10-1 1 external ventral spurs. Hind femora with about 8-9 external spines. Hind tibiae with about 16-22 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings as in Text-fig. 9.
Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 17. Cerci as in Text-fig. 22.
General coloration yellowish brown or olive brown, conspicuously mottled and spotted with darker brown. Tibial spurs and spines and femoral spines darkened. Stridulatory organ whitish.
$. As male except for wings and genitalia. Subgenital plate as in Text fig. 30, poorly sclerotized in distal part.
MEASUREMENTS
Male Females
Total length 49 *i (2): 41 -9-42-9, mean 42-40
Median length of pronotum 5-0 (2) : 4 • 6-4 • 6, mean 4 • 60
Length of hind femur 25-6 (i) : 24-5
Length of fore wing 38-0 (2): 33-2-33-5, mean 33-35
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR U M KARSCH n
VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines and the femoral spines vary in number. DISCUSSION. This species may be recognized by the male genitalia and the con- spicuously mottled coloration.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC : Mawambi-Irumu, 1910, $ (Grauer) (Nat. Mus. Vienna).
Paratypes. CONGO REPUBLIC : Kivu, Kalehe, Makwe, ii . 1950, I $ (Bomans) (Mus. Af. Cent.) ; Mongbwalu (Kilo), 1938, I ? (Scheitz) (Mus. Af. Cent.).
DISTRIBUTION. This species is so far known only from the mountainous parts of Ituri and Kivu.
5. Phlaurocentrum mecopodoides Karsch, 1891
Phlaurocentrum mecopodoides Karsch, 1891, Berl. ent. Z. 36 : 321. Holotype <$, CAMEROUN : Barombi (Zool. Mus. Berlin.).
DIAGNOSIS. $. Tenth abdominal tergite as in Text-fig. 18. Cerci as in Text-fig. 23. Upper part of lateral lobes of pronotum black.
$. Subgenital plate as in Text-fig. 31. Upper part of lateral lobes of pronotum black.
MEASUREMENTS
Males Female
Total length (2): 42-5-42-6, mean 42-55 40-0
Median length of pronotum (2) : 4 • 9-5 • i, mean 5-00 5-2
Length of hind femur (2): 24-5-24-8, mean 24-65 25-1
Length of fore wing (2): 33-8-34-2, mean 34-00 32-6
DISCUSSION. This species may be recognized at a glance by the blackening of the upper part of the lateral pronotal lobes ; the male genitalia and the subgenital plate of the female are also characteristic.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CAMEROUN : Barombi, <$ (Preuss) (Zool. Mus. Berlin). CAMEROUN : Mundame, i $ (Conradt] (Zool. Mus. Berlin) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, i 9-, ix.i93o (Staner) (Mus. Af. Cent.).
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Cameroun and the Congo Basin.
BUETTNERIA Karsch, 1888
Buttneria Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 444. Type-species, by monotypy, Buettneria maculiceps
Karsch, 1888. Stenacropteryx Karsch, 1896, Stettin, ent. Ztg 57 : 339. Type-species, by monotypy, Stenacrop-
teryx eburneiguttata Karsch, 1896 syn. n.
DIAGNOSIS. <J$. Fastigium of vertex strongly compressed, sloping to frons, sulcate above. Fore wings broad, obliquely truncate apically, as in Text-fig, n. Male sub- genital plate without styles.
12 D. R. RAGGE
DISCUSSION. This monotypic genus differs from Phlaurocentrum Karsch in the shape of the vertex and in lacking styles on the subgenital plate of the male. Its much broader wings provide the only important difference from Leiodontocercus Chopard, of which it is clearly a close relative.
The holotypes of B. maculiceps Karsch and Stenacropteryx eburneiguttata Karsch were found to be conspecific ; Stenacropteryx Karsch thus becomes a synonym of the earlier name Buettneria Karsch.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Cameroun and the Congo Republic.
Buettneria maculiceps Karsch, 1888
Buttneria maculiceps Karsch, 1888, Berl. ent. Z. 32 : 445. Holotype $, CONGO REPUBLIC : Kuako
to Kimpoko (Zool. Mus. Berlin — see below). Stenacropteryx eburneiguttata Karsch, 1896, Stettin, ent. Ztg 57 : 339. Holotype o*> CAMEROUN :
Lolodorf (Zool. Mus. Berlin) syn. n.
DIAGNOSIS. <£. Cerci as in Text-fig. 24. 9. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 4.
MEASUREMENTS
Males Females
Total length (2): 30-8-36-3, mean 33 -55 (2): 41 -2-42 -2, mean 41 -70
Median length of pronotum (2): 3 -7-3-8, mean 3 -75 (2): 4- 1-4-2, mean 4- 15
Length of hind femur (3): 17-7-18-4, mean 18-00 (i) : 20-7
Length of fore wing (3) : 25-4-26-3, mean 25-77 (2) : 3° '4~3° '4. mean 30-40
DISCUSSION. As mentioned when discussing the genus, this species may be dis- tinguished from Leiodontocercus Chopard by the much broader fore wings and the characteristically shaped male cerci.
Dr. K. K. Gunther of the Zoologisches Museum, Berlin, who has kindly made a search for the holotype of B. maculiceps Karsch, has been unable to find a specimen bearing this name. There is, however, a female specimen in spirit in that museum which has the correct locality data and which is labelled " Buttneria guttulata ", a name that has never appeared in print ; this specimen undoubtedly belongs to the present species and is almost certainly the holotype.
The holotype of Stenacropteryx eburneiguttata Karsch was found to belong to B. maculiceps Karsch.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC : Kuako to Kimpoko, $ (Buttner) (Zool. Mus. Berlin — see above).
CAMEROUN : Lolodorf, i $ (Conradt) (Zool. Mus. Berlin) (Holotype of Stenacrop- teryx eburneiguttata Karsch) ; Mundame, 2 $, 3 $ (Rhode) (i <$ and i $ in British Museum (Nat. Hist.) ; remainder in Nat. Mus. Vienna) ; CONGO REPUBLIC : Eala, I J, 1-7. v. 1935 (Ghesquiere] (Mus. Af. Cent.); Eala, i $, viii.1936 (Ghesquiere) (Mus. Af. Cent.).
DISTRIBUTION. As given for the genus.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCEN TR UM KARSCH 13
LEIODONTOCERCUS Chopard, 1954
Leiodontocercus Chopard, 1954, La reserve naturelle integrate du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Mem. Inst. franf. Afr. noire 40 (2) : 83. Type-species, by original designation, Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954.
DIAGNOSIS. ^$. Fastigium of vertex strongly compressed, sloping to frons, sulcate above. Fore wings narrow, obliquely truncate apically, as in Text-fig. 12. Male sub- genital plate without styles.
DISCUSSION. This genus is a close relative of Buettneria Karsch, the much narrower fore wings providing the only important difference. It may be distinguished from Phlaurocentrum Karsch by the shape of the vertex and the lack of styles on the sub- genital plate of the male.
Leiodontocercus Chopard was described from a single male collected from the Nimba Mountains in Guinea. The material available for this revision includes twelve further specimens of the genus, from Sierra Leone, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroun and the Congo Republic. In all non-sexual features these specimens resemble each other very closely, both structurally and in coloration. Three of them are females, from Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroun ; they have a greatly reduced ovipositor of the type found in Buettneria Karsch and are taxonomically indistinguishable from each other. Most of the nine males, however, show wide divergences in the structure of the cerci, and have proved to be very difficult to segregate taxonomically. A male from Sierra Leone agrees well with the holotype of L. angustipennis Chopard. Three males from Ghana, while resembling each other closely in cereal structure, differ markedly in this respect from L. angustipennis Chopard, and I have used them (and the Ghanaian female) as the basis for L. malleus sp. n. One of the Congolese males again shows a very different cereal structure and forms the holotype of a third species, L. condylus sp. n. The remaining four males, one from Nigeria and three from the Congo Republic, though again all showing unique features in cereal structure, do not differ quite so markedly, and it would be unwise to base further new species on them (and the two female specimens associated with them) until more material is available. It is quite possible that many, perhaps all, of these differences are the result of geographical variation, and that it will later be found that L. angustipennis Chopard is a polytypic species distributed throughout West Africa.
DISTRIBUTION. The known range of this genus occupies most of Wallace's West African Sub-region.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF Leiodontocercus
As mentioned above, the shape of the male cerci, which does not lend itself to verbal description, seems to provide the only character for separating the members of this genus. Although their identification is thus possible only by reference to Text-figs. 25-27, I have nevertheless thought it better to express this in the form of a dichotomous key than to give no key at all.
1. Cerci as in Text-fig. 25 L. angustipennis Chopard (p. 14)
-. Cerci as in Text-figs. 26 or 27 . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Cerci as in Text-fig. 26 ....... L. malleus sp. n. (p. 14)
-, Cerci as in Text-fig. 27 L. condylus sp. n. (p. 15)
I4 D. R. RAGGE
i. Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954
Leiodontocercus angustipennis Chopard, 1954, La reserve naturelle integrate du Mont Nimba. Fasc. II. Pt. III. Orthopteres Ensiferes. Mem. Inst. franf. Afr. noire 40 (2) : 84. Holotype <J, GUINEA : Nimba (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris).
DIAGNOSIS. $. Cerci as in Text-fig. 25. $ unknown.
MEASUREMENTS
Males
Total length (2) : 38-5-40-0, mean 39-25
Median length of pronotum (2) : 3-2-3-5, mean 3-35
Length of hind femur (2) : 21 • 1-21 -6, mean 21-35
Length of fore wing (2) : 25-8-27-1, mean 26-45
DISCUSSION. The shape of the male cerci enables this species to be distinguished from the two species described below.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. GUINEA: Nimba, $, vii-xii.igsi (Lamotte & Roy] (Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris.).
SIERRA LEONE : Freetown, Mt. Aureol, I <$, i. 1956 (Phipps) (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)).
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from the Nimba Mountains and Sierra Leone.
2. Leiodontocercus malleus sp. n.
DIAGNOSIS. ^. Cerci as in Text-fig. 26. $. No known diagnostic character.
DESCRIPTION. $. Fastigium of vertex strongly compressed, concave in profile, sulcate above.
Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes deeper than long. Fore tibiae with 4 external ventral spurs. Mid tibiae with about 6-7 external ventral spurs. Hind femora with about 5-9 external spines. Hind tibiae with about 20-22 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings similar to Text-fig. 12.
Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged, emarginate posteriorly. Cerci as in Text-fig. 26.
General coloration green. Head with black mark behind each eye, adjoining two corresponding black marks on pronotum ; hind margin of pronotal disc with black markings. Antennae brown with black and whitish bands ; basal two segments green. Tympana marked with black. Hind femora with two brown bands near apex ; hind tibiae with two whitish bands near base, alternat- ing with brown bands. Tarsi with brown and whitish markings. Tibial spurs darkened ; femoral and tibial spines darkened towards tip. Area Rx and parts of area Rs of fore wings mottled with brown. Stridulatory organ with black, brown and whitish markings. Exposed part of hind wings brown with green markings. Tip of abdomen brown.
°.. As male except for genitalia and fore wings. Ovipositior similar to Text-fig. 4.
MEASUREMENTS
Males Female
Total length (3): 35-3-38-9, mean 37-30 40 -4
Median length of pronotum (3): 3-2-3-4, mean 3-32 3-5
Length of hind femur (3) : 19-1-21 -8, mean 20-80 22-0
Length of fore wing (3) : 23-4-26-4, mean 25-10 27-6
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH 15
VARIATION. The tibial spurs and spines and the femoral spines vary slightly in number.
DISCUSSION. Males of this species may be readily recognized by the shape of the cerci. The female specimen from Ghana has been ascribed to the present species on geographical grounds ; this sex is not likely to have any diagnostic characters.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. GHANA : Western Region, nr. Wiawso, 3 miles N.W. of Tano Lodge, c?, 14. x. 1960 (Jago).
Paratypes. GHANA: Tafo, at light, I <?, 19.^.1957 (Eastop} ; Tafo, at light, i c£, 20. iv. 1957 (Eastop} ; Ashanti, Kumasi College of Technology, I $, 23.x. 1960
All in the British Museum (Natural History). DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Ghana.
3. Leiodontocercus condylus sp. n.
DIAGNOSIS. $. Cerci as in Text-fig. 27. $ unknown.
DESCRIPTION. <£. Fastigium of vertex strongly compressed, concave in profile, sulcate above.
Pronotum without lateral carinae ; lateral lobes deeper than long. Fore and mid legs missing from holotype except for left fore femur. Hind femora with about 7 ventral spines. Hind tibiae with about 21 external dorsal spines. Venation of fore wings similar to Text-fig. 12.
Tenth abdominal tergite enlarged, emarginate posteriorly. Cerci as in Text-fig. 27.
Coloration as in L. malleus sp. n. (p. 14).
$ unknown.
MEASUREMENTS
Male
Total length 36-3
Median length of pronotum 3 • 4
Length of hind femur 20 • i
Length of fore wing 24 • 9
DISCUSSION. This species may be recognized by the shape of the male cerci.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CONGO REPUBLIC: Kibali-Ituri, Yindi, <^, v.1949 (Bertrand) (Mus. Af. Cent.).
MYLLOCENTRUM gen. n.
Type-species : Phlaurocentrum stigmosum Karsch, 1896.
DIAGNOSIS. $. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sloping steeply to frons, sulcate above, as in Text-fig. 2. Fore wings of moderate breadth, shaped as in Text-fig. 13. Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified. Ovipositior very much reduced, shaped as in Text-fig. 5. unknown.
i6
D. R. RAGGE
DESCRIPTION. $. Fastigium of vertex moderately compressed, sloping steeply to frons, sulcate above, as in Text-fig. 2.
Pronotum punctulate, without lateral carinae, though with slight tendency towards their formation. Fore coxal spine present, but not very well-developed. Internal tympanum of fore tibiae conchate, external tympanum open. Fore wings of moderate breadth, shaped as in Text-fig.
13-
Tenth abdominal tergite unmodified. Ovipositor very much reduced, shaped as in Text-fig. 5. <J unknown.
DISCUSSION. This genus is not a very close relative of the other three genera covered by this revision, though sharing with them the greatly reduced ovipositor. The fastigium of the vertex is very much less compressed than is the case in these genera, the legs are relatively shorter, and the facies is broader and more robust ; in addition, the fore wings are hardly truncate at the apex and the female tenth abdomi- nal tergite is unmodified. In these respects Myllocentrum gen. n. approaches Enoch- letica Karsch, in which, however, the vertex is not at all compressed, the legs are relatively even shorter, and the ovipositor, though small, is of normal shape and crenulate at the tip.
DISTRIBUTION. Known only from Nigeria and Cameroun.
Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch, 1896)
Phlaurocentrum stigmosum Karsch, 1896, Stettin ent. Ztg 57 : 336. Holotype $, CAMEROUN : Lolodorf (Zool. Mus. Berlin).
DIAGNOSIS. $. Fore wings as in Text-fig. 13. Ovipositor as in Text-fig. 5. $ unknown.
MEASUREMENTS
Females
Total length (i) : 53-8
Median length of pronotum (2) : 5 • 1-5 • 2, mean 5 • 15
Length of hind femur (i) : 18-2
Length of fore wing (2) : 41 • 1-41 -3, mean 41 -20
DISCUSSION. The black spots on the fore wings of this species are quite distinctive (see Text-fig. 32) ; there are also black markings on the vertex, the sides of the pronotal disc, and along the dorsal surface of the hind tibiae.
vr
FIG. 32. Myllocentrum stigmosum (Karsch), female.
A REVISION OF THE GENERA PHLA UROCENTR UM KARSCH 17
The small teeth (probably stridulatory in function) on certain veinlets in the anal area of the right female fore wing, which are shown by many Phaneropterinae, are particularly conspicuous in this species ; the veinlets concerned are unusually prominent and are shown in Text-fig. 13.
MATERIAL EXAMINED
Holotype. CAMEROUN : Lolodorf, $ (Conradt] (Zool. Mus. Berlin). NIGERIA : Oban distr., i $ (Talbot) (British Museum (Nat. Hist.)). DISTRIBUTION. As given for the genus.
REFERENCES
KARSCH, F., 1891, Uebersicht der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss auf der Barombi-Station in Kame- run gesammelten Locustodeen. Berl. ent. Z. 36 : 317-346, 7 figs.
RAGGE, D. R., 1955, The wing-venation of the Orthoptera Saltatoria. vi + J59 PP-, 106 figs. Lon- don : British Museum (Natural History).
1957, A new species of Phaneroptera Serville from Formosa (Orthoptera : Tettigoniidae) .
Proc. R. ent. Soc. Land. (B) 26 : 123-126, 4 figs.
ENTOM. 13, i
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
NEW DIASPIDIDAE
(HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA)
FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN
REGION
W. J. HALL
AND
D. J. WILLIAMS
BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 2
LONDON: 1962
NEW DIASPIDIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION
BY
W. T. HALL and D. T. WILLIAMS
-
Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London '
Pp. 19-43 ; 13 Text- figures
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 2
LONDON: 1962
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year.
This paper is Vol. 13, No. 2, of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
Trustees of the British Museum 1962
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Issued October, 1962 Price Nine Shillings and Sixpence
NEW DIASPIDIDAE (HOMOPTERA : COCCOIDEA) FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION
By W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
SYNOPSIS
Of the 13 new species described below, 3 belong to the Diaspidini, 5 to the Parlatoriini and 5 to the Aspidiotini.
Examination of a mass of unidentified Coccid material from the Indo-Malayan region in the collections of the British Museum (Natural History) has revealed the presence of a few species apparently new to science. A collection from Pakistan recently sent by Dr. M. A. Ghani to the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology for determination also contained 6 species new to science. Dr. Ghani is to be congratulated on discover- ing these particularly interesting new forms.
The lettering used in the figures is as follows : — A. Adult female, general aspect. B. Pygidium. C. Dorsal margin of pygidium. D. Pygidium of second stage female.
The holotypes and paratypes are deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) .
Aulacaspis discorum sp. n.
(Text-fig, i)
Scales of the adult female dull white, subcircular or broadly pyriform, convex ; exuviae brown, coated with a film of secretionary matter ; situated marginally. Diameter about 1-5 mm.
Male scales not seen.
Length of body of adult female when mounted about 1-2 mm., width 0-9 mm. Widest across the prosoma which is only slightly wider than the metathorax. Prosomal tubercles lacking. Anterior spiracles with a compact crescent-shaped group of about 30 pores ; posterior spiracles with about half this number. Median lobes strongly divergent with their bases in close apposition and joined by a sclerotized yoke ; rounded apically with inner margins very faintly serrated. Second lobes well developed, third lobes present but more squat, fourth lobes, if present, only poorly developed. With pairs of gland spines in the first and second interlobular spaces, in each pair the outer being much the longer spine of the two ; a single spine between the third and fourth lobes, another beyond the fourth and with a group of 5 at the base of the pygidium, and 7 to 9 laterally on the second and third abdominal segments. Three submarginal rows of dorsal ducts, each containing 7 or 8 ducts on segments 3, 4 and 5, and 4 rows of submedian ducts on segments 3 to 6, the innermost row on segment 6 with usually 3 ducts, the other rows with 4 or 5. Segments i, 4, 5 and 6 each with a well marked submarginal boss. Small groups of short microducts sub- marginally on the ventral surface of pygidium. Perivulvar pores in 5 groups ; median 7-12 ; anterior laterals 20-27 '• posterior laterals 15-20. Anal orifice near the centre of pygidium.
Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Chharrapani, on roots of Panicum psilopodium (Gramineae), 29.1.1961 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 204).
Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 10 $, same data as holotype.
Aulacaspis discorum seems to come closest to A. rosae (Bouche) from which it differs in the median lobes being in apposition at their bases ; in having pairs of gland
ENTOM. 13, 2 3
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
B
FIG, i, Aulacaspis discorum sp. n,
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M ALA Y AN REGION 23
spines in the first and second interlobular spaces, the outer spine of the pair being much longer than the inner, and in the well marked submarginal bosses on segments i, 4, 5 and 6. Not one of these features is found commonly amongst the species of this genus.
It seems strange that this species should be found on the roots as all others in the genus are aerial.
Fiorinia hederae sp. n.
(Text-fig. 2)
Scale of female of the type normal for the genus consisting of the yellow or pale brown enlarged second exuviae overlaid by a white secretionary film that extends beyond the exuviae to give a narrow fringe laterally and posteriorly. First exuviae terminal, dark brown, with the covering secretionary film worn off in some specimens.
Scale of male not seen.
Adult female, when mounted, membranous, of normal form about i-i mm. wide. Antennal tubercles each with a single curved seta and with a prominent membranous process between them. Anterior spiracles with about 5 trilocular pores. Pygidium with all but the basal area slightly sclerotized ; median lobes only present, these small of irregular rather jagged outline and set apart by a distance slightly less than the width of one, connected by a narrow sclerotized arc. Pygidium with 4 marginal macroducts on either side and a few microducts submarginally on both dorsal and ventral aspects. Perivulvar pores in 5 groups, average of 7 examples, median group 6 (5-7), anterior laterals 13 (12-16) and posterior laterals 16 (11-22). Anal aperture situated towards the base of pygidium. Free abdominal and metathoracic segments each with 2-5 marginal gland spines with swollen bases.
Median lobes of second stage female retracted into the apex of pygidium, strongly divergent, bases yoked and inner edges serrated. Second lobes well developed, bilobed. Pygidium with 5 macroducts marginally on each side. Three gland spines set on conspicuous tubercles marginally on the free abdominal segments.
Holotype. ?. PAKISTAN : Murree, on leaves of Hedera helix (Araliaceae) , 24.1!. 1961 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 185). Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 6 $, same data as holotype.
F. hederae is a typical Fiorinia bearing a distinct resemblance to F. kandyensis Green. It resembles that species in having a well developed interantennal process, in having trilocular parastigmatic pores (F. chinensis Ferris has a similar type of pore but it is not generally true of other species in which these pores are represented), and in the number and nature of the pygidial ducts in both the adult and second stage females. The adult of F. kandyensis, however, has very much longer setae on the margin of the pygidium than those found in F. hederae, and a shorter interantennal prominence, as well as other small differences.
Mitulaspis malayana sp. n.
(Text-fig. 3)
Scale of adult female low convex, very broadly pyriform, almost circular, and opaque white but usually appearing dark brown owing to incorporated matter. Exuviae set marginally, golden yellow, masked by a thin film of white secretionary matter. In some examples the scale shows indications of fluting. Width about 1-5 mm.
Male scale white, rounded at either end, slightly wider about the middle, uncarinated.
ENTOM. 13, 2 38
<J* JO
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
FIG. 2. Fiorinia hederae sp. n.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 25
FIG. 3. Mitulaspis malayana sp. n.
26 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
Body of adult female about i -o mm. wide, broadly ovate, membranous with clearly demarked thoracic and abdominal segmentation. Antennae with about 6 subequal stout setae. Anterior spiracles with 8-10 pores, posterior pair with 4-9. Pygidium with a well denned sclerotized central area. Median lobes obconical, rounded apically, set apart by a space about the width of one. Within this space is a macroduct associated with inner angle of one or other of the median lobes. Second and third lobes of similar form, duplex but smaller, with the outer lobule smaller than the inner. Gland spines stout, bluntly pointed, in pairs in the interlobular spaces and just beyond the third lobes A group of 3 gland spines at the base of pygidium and 3 or 4 marginally on each abdominal segment. Perivulvar pores arranged in a semicircle, groups not well denned but each posterior group containing usually 2 tanterior groups with about 5 in each group linked by i to 3 single pores Well defined rows of dorsal ducts running in from the margin on the sixth and seventh segments. Anterior to the seventh segment the pores are separated into submedian and marginal groups, the submedian groups extending as far as abdominal segment 2. Ducts in the marginal and submarginal areas of all segments as far as the mesothorax numerous and scattered. Gland tubercles numbering 3-10 submarginally on the thoracic segments and first free abdominal segment. Anal orifice situated towards base of pygidium.
Holotype. $. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, on stems of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae), 4. v. 1927 (G. H. Corbett) (Dept. Agric., Kuala Lumpur, No. 3815).
Paratypes. MALAYA : i $, same data as holotype. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 14 $, 8. ¥11.1929 (Dept. Agric. Kuala Lumpur, No. 3964).
Hall (1946) pointed out that this species was not only congeneric with but extremely close to Mitulaspis funtumiae (Newstead) described from Uganda on Funtumia latifolia (Apocynaceae) . It is, however, a much smaller species of quite different shape and unlike M. funtumiae it possesses perivulvar pores and gland tubercles on the thoracic segments. In other respects the two species bear a striking resemblance to each other. It is surprising that the only two known species of this genus should have been found in such widely separated areas. One suspects that other species remain to be discovered but whether in South East Asia or in Africa or both is a matter for conjecture.
Cryptoparlatoreopsis euphorbiae sp. n.
(Text-fig. 4)
Second stage exuviae subcircular, reddish brown, within which the outline of the adult female can be seen. Exuviae coated with a thin film of white secretionary matter. Diameter about i-o mm.
Male scale not seen.
Adult female broadly rounded in front, abdominal segments abruptly narrowed, terminating in a somewhat acute pygidium. Antennal tubercle with a single stout curved seta. Spiracles without pores. Margin of meso- and metathorax lined with gland tubercles interspersed with a few microducts. Pygidium acute with 2 pairs of lobes, median pair set close together but not yoked, rounded apically and falling away laterally, with serrated margin; second lobes of similar form but smaller. Pygidium with 2 macroducts on either side, one in the first interlobal space and the other in the second space if a third lobe were represented. There are 8 long setae on either side, 4 on the dorsal aspect of the margin and 4 on the ventral. Also in the first interlobal space an apically truncated duct-carrying projection with 4 more at intervals between the second lobe and base of the pygidium and 2 or 3 marginally on each free abdominal segment. Both dorsal and ventral aspects of pygidium with a very few scattered microducts. Perivulvar pores wanting. Anal orifice small, set near the centre of pygidium.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 27
B
FIG. 4. Cryptoparlatoreopsis euphorbiae sp. n.
28 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
Pygidium of second stage female with median lobes broad and flatly rounded, with a notch on the outer edge and set apart by about a third of the width of one ; second lobes present but poorly developed. With a macroduct in the first interlobal space and 2 more beyond second lobes. Each macroduct associated with a pair of apically truncated gland spines.
Holotype. $. INDIA : Marudamalai Hills, Coimbatore, on the flattened stems of Euphorbia antiquorum (Euphorbiaceae), 3.x. 1951 (T. S. Muthukrishnan] (Agric. College, Coimbatore, No. 29), in association with Gymnaspis cassida sp. n.
Paratypes. INDIA : 12 $, same data as holotype.
This species seems to have a very definite affinity with C. halli (Bodenheimer), the type of the genus Cryptoparlatoreopsis Borchsenius. Balachowsky correctly assigned his Aonidia tlaiae to this genus and transferred Targionia meccae Hall. He considered that Cryptoparlatoreopsis belonged to the subtribe Aonidina although, as he pointed out, it has characters approaching the genus Parlagena of the tribe Parlatoriini, but that it differed from that genus in the total absence of gland tubercles on the cephalo- thorax. It should be pointed out, however, that P. mops McKenzie, the type of Parlagena, appears to be without such tubercles. The genus Cryptoparlatoreopsis may well be a connecting link between the subtribe Aonidina of the tribe Aspidiotini and the Parlatoriini, but the presence of gland tubercles on the thorax and duct- carrying plates or projections marginally, the nature of the marginal macroducts in the adult and second stage females all suggest affinity to the Parlatoriini rather than the Aonidina. The ducts seem to be 2-barred although their structure is obscure and not easy to determine.
Gymnaspis cassida sp. n.
(Text-fig. 5)
Female scale pupillarial, highly convex, anterior portion broadly rounded, posterior half narrowed and flattened apically. Colour black giving way to a deep reddish brown towards the posterior extremity. Length about i-o mm., width the same.
Male scale white, subcircular, with conspicuous and rather large black exuviae, sometimes masked by a little white secretionary matter.
Adult female when mounted, membranous, widest across the mesothorax, anterior to this flatly rounded, posteriorly abruptly narrowed towards pygidium which is flattened apically. Antennal tubercles carrying a single stout curved seta. A prominent thoracic tubercle present on each side. Pygidium with 4 pairs of lobes all of which are short but very wide and flatly rounded, the median pair being set apart by only a little more than half the width of one. Two short apically fimbriate plates between the median lobes and in the first and second interlobular spaces ; in no case do these extend beyond the lobes. Submarginally on the first and third interlobular spaces are 2, 3 and i tubular ducts respectively. Anal orifice nearer apex than base of pygidium. Perivulvar pores wanting. Ventral dermis with a few microducts scattered sub- marginally over basal half of pygidium.
Second stage female heavily sclerotized with a pygidium of the form typical of the Parlatoriini ; with 6 pairs of tusk-like lobes. Between the median lobes and in the first two interlobal spaces there are 2 apically fimbriate plates ; in the other 3 spaces there are 3 similar plates. With 5 tubular macroducts on either side, i in each lobal space except between the median lobes. Anal orifice rather obscure in some specimens, set in from apex of pygidium by a distance about equal to the length of the median lobes.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 29
B
FIG. 5. Gymnaspis cassida sp. n.
3o W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
Holotype. $. INDIA : Marudamalai Hills, Coimbatore, on the flattened stems of Euphorbia antiquorum (Euphorbiaceae), 3.x. 1953 (T. S. Muthukrishnan) (Agric. College, Coimbatore, No. 29) in association with Cryptoparlatoreopsis euphorbiae.
Paratypes. INDIA : 21 $, same data as holotype.
This species bears a close resemblance to Gymnaspis bullata (Green) . The pygidial lobes, however, in the adult female are wider and the median lobes are much further apart in G. cassida than G. bullata. Green also makes no mention of thoracic tubercles in G. bullata nor are they apparent in the type and other preparations available. The second stages differ in that G. bullata has two additional macroducts submarginally, duplicating the first and second ducts on each side. The differences referred to above, though small, are consistent and one cannot very well assign the present material to G. bullata, close as it obviously is. It may be that when more material comes to hand intermediate forms may be found that will bridge the present gap between G. cassida and G. bullata. Attention is drawn to the fact that G. bullata does not appear to be congeneric with G. aechmeae Newstead, the type of Gymnaspis, but for the time being G. bullata and G. cassida are left in that genus until such time as the genus Gymnaspis and close generic allies are better known.
Leucaspis coniferarum sp. n.
(Text-fig. 6)
Scale of female elongate and slender consisting of the pale brown sclerotized second exuviae overlaid by a rather thick white secretionary film that masks the colour and often the darker brown colour of the terminally placed first exuviae. Length of second exuviae about 1-8 mm.
Male scale not observed.
Adult female when mounted, elongate oval, about 0-7 mm. long, membranous. Antennal tubercles carrying 4 setae of varying length and stoutness. Anterior spiracles with usually 2 pores. Pygidium broadly rounded with 3 pairs of lobes, median pair triangular, set widely apart, second pair squat, rounded at apex and notched on outer edge, third pair poorly developed, squat and broadly rounded. Pygidium without either plates or gland spines but with 5 or 6 microducts on the dorsal aspect submarginally. Anal orifice rather nearer base than apex of pygidium. Perivulvar pores wanting.
Second stage female with broadly rounded pygidium carrying 3 pairs of lobes, median pair tusk-like, apically rounded, second pair similar and very little smaller, third pair shorter but wider. Plates between the lobes and beyond the third pair apically fimbriate. With a macroduct between median lobes and 7 macroducts marginally on each side ; all macroducts set with their axes parallel to the margin. Dorsal aspect with a few ducts of smaller size scattered over the submarginal and submedian areas.
Holotype. ?. PAKISTAN : Cherat, North West Frontier Province, lying along the needles of Pinus longifolia (Pinaceae), 30. iv. 1916. (T. B. Fletcher).
Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 5 <j>, same data as holotype. PAKISTAN : Murree, Pinus excelsa, 4$, 13. v. 1960 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 199).
Leucaspis coniferarum comes closest to L. loewi Corvee from which the adult female differs in lacking perivulvar pores, in having larger pygidial lobes of a different shape and much closer together, and in having fewer dorsal ducts on the pygidium.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M ALA YAN REGION 31
B
FIG. 6. Leucaspis coniferarum sp. n.
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
FIG. 7. Parlatoria ghanii sp. n.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M AL A Y AN REGION 33
Parlatoria ghanii sp. n.
(Text-fig. 7)
Only spirit material available. Female scale appearing white, broadly ovate with large pale brown exuviae, covered with a film of white secretionary matter. Approximate length i-i mm., width 0-9 mm.
Male scale similar to that of the female but smaller and elongate.
Adult female on the slide broadly ovate, about 0-75 mm. long and 0-65 mm. wide. Anterior spiracle with 1-5 pores. Pygidium with 3 pairs of well developed flatly rounded lobes, median pair set close to each other with a macroduct between and once notched on their outer margins, second and third lobes of similar shape but successively smaller. Fourth lobes represented by small sclerotized spurs. Interlobular plates narrow, parallel sided and apically fimbriated ; between the third and rudimentary fourth lobes 3 plates, i similar to the interlobular plates, the other 2 broad at the base, tapering, with distal half fimbriate. Beyond the rudimentary fourth lobes the plates are of the broad basal type. Anal orifice rather nearer to apex than base of pygidium ; vulva towards base. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups : average of 5 examples, anterior pair, n (9—13) ; posterior pair, 12 (10-15). Dorsal submarginal macroducts on the pygidium fairly numerous, scattered, about 20 in number, extending as far as the second free abdominal segment. Three intermediate dorsal macroducts on segment 4 and with 5 on segment 5. Three small groups of ventral gland tubercles each with 2-5 tubercles, i on the mesothorax and the other 2 anterior to this. No trace of a derm pocket. Ventral surface of pygidium with only a few microducts. Three groups of tubular ducts laterally on the first free abdominal segment and the two segments anterior to it.
Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Rawalpindi, on the branches and stipules of Acacia modesta (Leguminosae), 9.1.1961 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 193).
Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 5 $>, same data as holotype.
P. ghanii comes close to P. fluggeae Hall and P. pittospori Maskell. From P. flug- geae it differs in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the very much fewer pores associated with the anterior spiracles and in lacking the rows of intermediate dorsal macroducts on the third and fourth abdominal segments. From P. pittospori it differs in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the nature of the plates anterior to the third lobes and the com- parative absence of tubular ducts on the first abdominal and second thoracic segments.
Parlatoria serrula sp. n.
(Text-fig. 8)
Characters of the scale not known.
Adult female when mounted broader than long, about 0-7 mm. broad by 0-6 mm. long. An- terior spiracles with 1-3 pores. Thoracic gland tubercles usually 3 only, between the anterior spiracles and margin. In the same vicinity but on the dorsal surface is an 8-shaped cicatrix-like structure one part of which is larger than the other. Pygidium broadly rounded with 3 pairs of lobes ; median lobes broad at base, parallel sided over the basal half, with a small, triangular, apically rounded terminal half ; second lobes of similar deeply notched form and very little smaller ; third lobes smaller without a notch on inner edge but with 2 or 3 on outer margin. Plates broad and apically fimbriate ; beyond the third lobes they are of finger-shape gland spine form. A single marginal macroduct between median lobes and 6 marginally on each side ; all macroducts set at an angle of 45° to the margin. Submarginal macroducts on the pygidium usually limited to 2 ; ducts on the prepygidial segments few in number, smaller and confined to the margin. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups, anterior pair 7 in each, posterior pair 3. Anal orifice near centre of pygidium. The free abdominal segments each with a distinct submarginal boss dorsally on each side.
34
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
FIG. 8. Parlatoria serrula sp. n.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 35
Holotype. $. CEYLON : Peradeniya, on Cocos sp. (Palmae), 6 . ix . 1956 (B. Manicka- vasagar).
Paratypes. CEYLON : 2 $, same data as holotype.
Three specimens of P. serrula were found on some coconut material heavily infested with Pseudococcus citriculus Green. It is clearly not a typical Parlatoria but it is thought advisable to assign it to this genus until more is known of other closely allied genera. In some respects it bears a slight resemblance to P. aonidiformis Green and Parlaspis papillosa (Green). It differs from both in the orientation of the pygidial marginal macroducts and the presence of bosses on the free abdominal segments. The pygidial lobes resemble those found in Parlaspis papillosa but this species has no cicatrix-like structure. In Parlatoria aonidiformis the pygidial lobes are of different form and although it has one or two cicatrix-like structures on either side these are on the second abdominal segment and not in the vicinity of the anterior spiracles.
Aonidiella abietina sp. n.
(Text-fig. 9)
Scale of the female circular, translucent, the body of the sublying female showing through ; exuviae subcentral, pale brown or reddish brown. Diameter about i -5 mm.
Male scale not seen.
Adult female heavily sclerotized at maturity and strongly reniform. Pygidium retracted, with lobes, paraphyses and plates as in A . citrina (Coquillet) . Prevulvar scleroses absent ; prevulvar apophyses present. Dorsal ducts in 3 rather irregular rows on the pygidium and in addition a group of 8-10 similar ducts submarginally on each free abdominal segment. Perivulvar pores wanting. Ventral dermis of free abdominal segments with submarginal groups of micro- ducts.
Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Murree, on the needles of Abies pindrow (Pinaceae), i.xi.igGi (M. A. Ghani).
Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 9 $, same data as holotype ; 7 . xi . 1958, 5 $ (M. A . Ghani).
The specimen selected as holotype is a young adult female before sclerotization has set in.
This species is close to A. aurantii (Maskell) and A. citrina (Coquillet). It differs from both, however, in having groups of submarginal macroducts on the free abdomi- nal segments and in having rather more ducts on the pygidium. It differs from A. aurantii further in lacking prevulvar scleroses and in the different shape of the prevulvar apophyses. It is also close to A . messengeri McKenzie described from the Ryukyu Islands and Taiwan but this species possesses prevulvar scleroses in addition to apophyses although they are variable and poorly developed ; it has fewer pygidial macroducts and lacks submarginal macroducts on the free abdominal segments but it has a thoracic tubercle on either side of the body which are lacking in A . abietina.
Aspidiotus selangorensis sp. n.
(Text-fig. 10)
Characteristics of the scales not known.
Body of adult female membranous, broadly ovate, about 0-9 mm. wide. Antennal tubercle with a single curved seta. Each spiracle surrounded by a well defined faintly sclerotized area.
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
FIG. 9. Aonidiella abietina sp. n.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-M ALA Y AN REGION 37
FIG. 10. Aspidiotus selangorensis sp. n.
38 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
Pygidium with 3 pairs of well developed lobes : median lobes set apart by a distance rather less than the width of one, longer than wide, rounded apically and notched on both inner and outer margins ; second lobes similar to median pair but smaller and third lobes similar but smaller again. Two plates between median lobes and between median and second lobes ; 3 between second and third and 5 beyond third lobes. All plates of the fringed type normal to the genus. Perivulvar pores in 4 groups each containing on the average 5 pores (range 2-8 in 8 examples). Anal orifice nearer apex than base of pygidium and set nearly 3 times its length from apex of pygidium. Dorsal ducts short, relatively numerous and scattered throughout the submarginal region as far as segment 3 ; with 2 or 3 ducts marginally on segment 3. Ventral surface of pygidium with a few submarginal microducts.
Holotype. $. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, on Adiantum fergusoni (Polypodiaceae) , i.vi.i926 (G. H. Corbett).
Paratypes. MALAYA : 7 $, same data as holotype.
Aspidiotus selangorensis is very close to A . hederae (Vallot) and A . spinosus Comstock but the pygidial ducts are longer than in A . hederae and shorter than in A . spinosus. The large, well defined, if faintly sclerotized areas around the spiracles are not found in either of the other two species. It differs further from A. hederae in having the pygidial lobes notched on their inner edges and from A. spinosus in possessing a larger anal orifice set further from the apex of the pygidium.
Chortinaspis fissurella sp. n.
(Text-fig, n)
Scale of adult female subcircular, moderately convex and dark brown in colour. Exuviae of a similar colour set within the margin but not central. Ventral scale thin but well developed. Diameter of scale about i-o mm.
Male scale not observed.
Adult female turbinate in form with membranous dermis. Antennal tubercles apparently set in shallow pits, each carrying a single stout curved seta. Anterior spiracles partly circumscribed by a loose arc of minute tubular ducts, posterior spiracles with a similar arc containing fewer ducts. Median pygidial lobes well developed, rounded apically, each falling away laterally, set close together and each with a prominent sclerotic basal projection. Other lobes wanting but margin of segments 6 and 7 with a somewhat castellated outline. Pygidium with small dorsal ducts set in furrows in a manner typical of the genus ; scattered ventral ducts occur submargin- ally on the pygidium and free abdominal segments. Anal orifice nearer apex than base of pygidium. Perivulvar pores wanting.
Holotype. $. PAKISTAN : Murree, on Imperata cylindrica (Gramineae), 25.^.1960 (Comm. Inst. Biol. Control, Rawalpindi, No. 212).
Paratypes. PAKISTAN : 4 $, same data as holotype, Nos. 211, 212.
This species seems to belong quite definitely to the genus Chortinaspis but it differs in several respects from all the species at present placed in that genus. Like C. con- solidata Ferris the pygidium of C. fissurella is entirely without plates and only the median lobes are represented. In C. consolidata these are fused whereas in C. fissurella they are separate even though they are very close together.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION
39
B
FIG, ii. Chortinaspis fissurella sp. n.
40 W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
Pseudaonidia corbetti sp. n.
(Text-fig. 12)
Characters of the scale not known.
Body of the adult female when mounted 1-5-2-0 mm. long and 1-0-1-4 mm- wide, uniformly moderately sclerotized at maturity ; median dorsal areas of prepygidial segments transversely striated. Pygidium with 4 pairs of well developed lobes ; median pair large, squat, flatly rounded with faint notches on either side ; other lobes slender, as long as the median lobes but less than half their width, notched on both inner and outer margins ; second and third lobes much the same size as each other but fourth lobes smaller. Two plates between median lobes and between median and first lobes, 3 plates in the other 2 interlobal spaces ; all plates much the same length as the lobes, narrow, terminated by 3 or 4 finger-like processes. Short club-shaped paraphyses, not exceeding lengths of lobes, occur between the median lobes, i from the inner angle of each lobe and i each in the other 3 interlobular spaces on each side. Dorsal ducts very numerous submarginally on the prepygidial segments ; on the pygidium they are arranged in definite submarginal series. Dorsal central area of pygidium showing a conspicuous reticulate ornamenta- tion. Perivulvar pores in 2 large groups each containing some 50 or more pores. Anal orifice small. Ventral surface with very few micropores.
Holotype. ?. MALAYA : Balik Pulau, on Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae), 17. vi. 1927 (G. H. Corbett) (Dept. Agric., Kuala Lumpur, No. 3890).
Paratypes. MALAYA : 2 $, same data as holotype. MALAYA : Kuala Lumpur, on Eugenia malaccensis (Myrtaceae), 5 $, 7.x. 1927 (Dept. Agric, Kuala Lumpur, No.
4173).
P. corbetti comes close to P. paeoniae Cockerel! and P. pavettae described by Bala-
chowsky (1953). It differs from both in the shape of the pygidial lobes, the nature of the lobes, the longer ducts on the pygidium and the presence of a pair of paraphyses between the median lobes. Subsequently Balachowsky (1958) transferred P. pavettae to Duplaspidiotus . The fact that two species as close as P. paeoniae and P. pavettae should be assigned to different genera indicates that there is no sharp dividing line between the two genera. A consideration of the types of the two genera suggests, how- ever, that P. corbetti is nearer to that of Pseudaonidia, as is also P. paeoniae, and that P. pavettae could more properly remain in the genus Pseudaonidia. Apart from the paraphyses in these three species which are short, inconspicuous and quite unlike the typical conspicuously knobbed, large paraphyses of Duplaspidiotus, the pygidial lobes in number and shape, and the general facies, favour Pseudaonidia rather than Duplaspidiotus .
Rhizaspidiotus marginalis sp. n.
(Text-fig. 13)
Scale of adult female rather thick, more or less circular, white and low convex. Exuviae margi- nal, golden yellow or pale brown, coated with a film of white secretionary matter. Ventral scale well developed, often remaining attached to the host plant. Diameter about 1-9 mm.
Male scale white and narrowly elongate oval.
Body of fully developed adult female broadly pyriform, about 2-8 mm. long and 2-1 mm. wide. Dermis of old adults sclerotized except for the second and third free abdominal segments and the anterior part of the pygidium which are less so. Antennal tubercles each carrying a single long curved seta. Anterior spiracles with a large group of pores about 50 in number ; posterior spiracles with rather fewer. Margin of body, anterior to first abdominal segment, with a conspicuous
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION
FIG. 12. Pseudaonidia corbetti sp. n.
W. J. HALL AND D. J. WILLIAMS
FIG. 13. Rhizaspidiotus marginalis sp. n.
NEW DIASPIDIDAE FROM THE INDO-MALAYAN REGION 43
uniformly wide band of striations ; these striations or folds are set at right angles to the margin and give it a scalloped outline. Pygidium with 3 pairs of lobes ; median pair dome-shaped with deep notches on inner and outer edges ; second lobes only slightly smaller and of similar shape ; third lobes slightly smaller again, bluntly pointed, lacking a notch on the inner margin. A single rather stout seta arising from the vicinity of the base of each lobe. Pygidium without plates or gland spines but with numerous folds and furrows running in from the margin of the pygidium and with numerous scattered minute one-barred ducts on both surfaces. Anal orifice very small, situated at base of pygidium.
Holotype. $. MALAYA : Kepong, on fruits of Calamus sp. (Palmae), I7.xii.i954 (Dept. Agric., Kuala Lumpur, No. 17993).
Paratypes. MALAYA: 17 $, same data as holotype.
The generic position of this species is not clear. In some respects it suggests a Rugaspidiotus, a genus which Ferris (1938) included in the Odonaspidini with some doubt. The present species, however, has not the bivalve type of exuviation charac- teristic of that genus. The presence of three distinct pairs of lobes, the median lobes being well separated from each other, and ducts that are clearly one-barred, favours the Aspidiotini rather than the Odonaspidini. It would appear to be more nearly congeneric with Rhizaspidiotus to which genus it is tentatively assigned. It differs, however, from all the known species of that genus and cannot be said to be very close to any one of them. It completely lacks pygidial plates and in this respect resembles R. donacis (Leonardi), R. caraganae (Kiritchenko) and R. bivalvatus Goux in which also the median lobes are distinctly separated, but it differs from these in the very striking ornamentation of all but the pygidium and abdominal segments and the relatively minute anal opening set towards the base of the pygidium.
Recently Mamet (1959) described a new genus, Antakaspis, from Madagascar for which he erected a new tribe. This is said to possess some of the characteristics of the Odonaspidini but is related to the Diaspidini by virtue of its method of exuviation and the presence of two-barred ducts and one of the characters of the tribe is the occurrence of pygidial lobes in the adult and second stage female. There are some species of Odonaspis, however, with equally well developed lobes. R. marginalis bears some resemblance to Antakaspis terminaliae Mamet but differs in having one- barred ducts and in lacking pygidial paraphyses.
REFERENCES
BALACHOWSKY, A. S., 1953, Deux Pseudaonidia Ckll. (Horn. Coccoidea-Diaspidinae) nouveaux du massif du Bena (Moyenne Guinee) A. O. F. Bull. Inst. franc. Afr. noire 15 : 1517.
1958, Les Cochenilles du Continent Africain Noir Vol. 2. Aspidiotini (ame partie), Odonas- pidini et Parlatorini. Ann. Mus. Congo beige, 4to N.S. 4 : 264.
FERRIS, G. F., 1938, Atlas of the Scale Insects of North America, 2 : 167.
HALL, W. J., 1946, On the Ethiopian Diaspidini (Coccoidea). Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 97 : 525.
MAMET, R., 1959, Notes on the Coccoidea of Madagascar IV. Mem. Inst. sci. Madagascar, 11 : 465-
ENTOM. 13, 2
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY ADLARD AND SON, LIMITED, BARTHOLOMEW PRESS, DORKING
ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND
HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE)
NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 3
LONDON: 1963
ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN
CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE)
BY
NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
~V\A.
Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College of Science and Technology, London
Pp. 45-66 ; 29 Text-figures
BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY)
ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 3
LONDON: 1963
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year.
This paper is Vol. 13, No. 3 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
Trustees of the British Museum, 1963
PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Issued January, 1963 Price Eight Shillings
ON THE GENERA OF INDO-PAKISTAN
CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE (COLEOPTERA : CURCULIONIDAE)
By NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
II
CONTENTS
SYNOPSIS ........
CLEONINAE ........
i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....
MATERIAL AND METHODS .....
DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY CLEONINAE
KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA OF CLEONINAE
DISCUSSION .......
HYLOBIINAE ........
i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE .... MATERIAL AND METHODS ..... KEY TO THE GENERA OF HYLOBIINAE . DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY HYLOBIINAE DISCUSSION .......
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. .....
7. REFERENCES .......
Page
47 47 47
49 51 54 56 56 57 58 63 63 66 66
SYNOPSIS
The subfamilies Cleoninae and Hylobiinae are redefined in the light of studies of genera occurring in Indo-Pakistan. Keys are given to these genera and their characters acd relationships discussed.
I. GLEONINAE
i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
LACORDAIRE (1863) recognized eight genera, including Penbleptus Schonherr (Lixides) as occurring in Indo-Pakistan. Chevrolat (1873) described five new genera Pycnodactylus, Tetragonothorax, Exochus, Neocleonus and Xanthochelus now repre- sented in this area. The name Exochus was preoccupied and was changed to Epilectus by Faust (1904) and finally to Eurycleonus by Bedel (1907). Faust (1904) revised the " Cleonides vrais " of the world and described the genera Dicmnotropis, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster and Nemoxenus, all represented in Indo-Pakistan. He also discussed the tribe " Lixides ", gave a key to genera in groups and emphasized the importance of a revision of " Lixides " and " Cleonides " together in order to obtain a satisfactory understanding of the group. Bedel (1907) changed Dicrano- tropis Faust (nee Fieber) to Ammocleonus , and sank Nemoxenus Faust as a synonym
ENTOM. 13, 3 5§
48 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
of Atactogaster Faust. Desbrochers (1904) described two new genera, Hypolixus and Gasteroclisus in Lixini. These genera were reduced to subgeneric level in Junk's Catalogue and quite wrongly applied in that work (see Marshall, 1939 : 566) . I treat them as genera here. Marshall (1932) and Solari (1941) discussed some characters separating this subfamily from the Hylobiinae.
In addition to the above literature the work of Hochhut (1847), Motschulsky (1850-60), Faust (1892, 1894-95), Petri (1904, 1905 and 1920), Reitter (1912) and Kono (1929) may also be mentioned.
In the Catalogus Coleopterorum (Csiki, 1934) the genera Pycnodactylus, Tetra- gonothorax, Ammocleonus, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster, Neocleonus and Xanthochelus are considered as subgenera of Cleonus but all these are taken as valid genera for the purpose of this study, since it would otherwise be difficult to give an accurate defini- tion of Cleonus.
It is proposed to redefine the subfamily more precisely and give a key to the tribes and genera.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
It was not always possible to study specimens of the type species since the type species has not been fixed in all cases, and even when fixed, specimens were not always available for study in the British Museum (Natural History). The following species were studied. Type species are marked with an asterisk.
0-2,
02
FIG. i. Proventricular blade of Gasteroclisus augurius. FIG. 2. Maxilla of Neocleonus sannio.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE
1. Microlarinus Hochhut *M. rhinocylloides Hochhut
2. Lachnaeus Schonherr *L. crinitus Boheman
3. Larinus Germar
*L. cynarae (Fabricius) L. assamensis Marshall
4. Lixus Fabricius
*L. paraplecticus (Linnaeus) L. seriesignatus Boheman
5. Gasteroclisus Desbrochers *G. augurius (Boheman)
G. binodulus (Boheman) G. arcurostris Petri
6. Hypolixus Desbrochers *H. nubilosus (Boheman)
H. truncatulus (Fabricius)
7. Pachycems Schonherr P. varius (Herbst)
P. sellatus Faust
P. cynoglossi Marshall
8. Xanthochelus Chevrolat X. longus Chevrolat X.faunus (Olivier)
9. Cleonus Schonherr *C. piger (Scopoh)
10. Mecaspis Schonherr
*M. emarginatus (Fabricius) M. sexguttatus (Redtenbacher)
11. Lixodeonus Marshall *L. incanus Marshall
12. Neocleonus Chevrolat N. sannio (Herbst)
13. Ammocleonus Bedel
A . hieroglyphicus (Olivier) A. ramakrishnai Marshall A. aschabadensis (Faust)
14. Tetragonothorax Chevrolat *T. retusus (Fabricius)
15. Pycnodactylus Chevrolat *P. tomentosus (Fabricius)
P. albogilvus (Gyllenhal)
16. Cosmogaster Faust
C. later alis (Gyllenhal)
17. Atactogaster Faust
A. orientalis (Chevrolat) A. dejeani (Faust)
A. (Nemoxenus) zebra (Chevrolat)
18. Liocleonus Motschulsky *L. dathratus (Olivier)
L. umbrosus Chevrolat
19. Conorhynchus Motschulsky C. brevirostris (Gyllenhal) C. perforatus (Faust)
20. Menedeonus Faust
M. signaticollis (GyUenhal)
21. Bothynoderes Schonherr *B. nubeculosus Boheman
B. foveicollis Gebler
22. Eurydeonus Bedel
E. baluchicus (Marshall)
In drawing the mouthparts, clothing setae have been omitted. All drawings were made with a camera lucida.
As regards terminology, Ting (1936) has been followed to define mouthparts and Niisslin (1911) for the proventriculus. A sclerite in front of the prementum is termed ligula in the text.
3. DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY CLEONINAE Rostrum longer than broad (except Microlarinus) ; usually broadened at apex in tribe Cleonini
and not so in tribe Lixini. Scrobes reaching apex and more or less visible anteriorly from above
in Cleonini, neither reaching apex nor visible from above in Lixini.
Maxilla (fig. 2) with mala having stout teeth, placed in sockets on inner margin, and on ventral
plane ; maxillary palps three-segmented. Labium (fig. 5) with strongly sclerotized transverse
5o NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
ligula apical to prementum ; labial palps very small, ventral in position and one to three seg- mented, first segment stout and usually with a stout seta.
Metepimera exposed so that hind coxae do not touch elytra.
Trochanters with at least one erect seta. Femora weakly and gradually claviform. Tibiae rounded, with apical inner mucro ; external fringe of corbels apical.
Elytra usually excavated and overlapping base of prothorax (except Bothynoderes and Eury- cleonus).
Wings (fig. 4) folded distal to middle ; vein M running straight into r-m (except Microlarinus) ; A4 strongly sclerotized and A5 may reach A4 posteriorly.
Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum (first visible ventrite) shorter than the diameter of hind coxae.
Proventriculus (fig. i) without grinding plates. Blades paired ; true retaining bristles absent (some long anterior brushes may simulate paired retaining bristles) ; brushes along entire length, although usually shorter anteriorly ; external intermedial fringe not transversely striate. Crop with scattered bristles. Cardiac valve without bristles.
Spermathecal capsule usually with more or less marked collum and ramus ; duct long ; gland vesiculate and of variable shape.
One stalked symbiont-carrying structure present on each side of vagina and opening on mem- brane between eighth and ninth sternites.
Female genitalia with coxites and styli.
0-2,
0-2,
2mm.
0-4
0-2 ,
FIGS. 3-9. Wing of : 3, Lixus paraplecticus ; 4, Neocleonus sannio. Labium of : 5,
Gasteroclisus binodulus ; 6, Hypolixus truncatulus. 7, Eighth sternum of female of
Tetragonothorax retusus. 8, Antennal club of Neocleonus sannio. 9, Spermatheca of Bothynoderes foveicollis.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 51
4. KEY TO THE TRIBES AND GENERA OF CLEONINAE
1 (12) Rostrum cylindrical, more or less shining ; scrobes not reaching apex (almost
reaching it in Microlarinus) , not visible anteriorly from above ; usually without distinct rostral carina or furrow. Antennal club without placoidal sensilla. Tibiae having corbels without distinct mucral lamella ; tarsi broadened up to third segment and spongy beneath ..... Tribe LIXINI
2 (7) Prothorax shining, subconical ; prosternum longer than diameter of fore coxae.
Tibiae without premucro. Wing (fig. 3) with vein A2 and A3 stalked basally. (Blades of proventriculus much narrower.)
3 (6) Scrobes slightly separated beneath ; their upper margins not touching lower
margins of eyes. Pronotum almost truncate anteriorly. Postmentum (fig. 5) much narrower at base than at apex. Declivity teeth present on anterior part of pro ventricular blade.
4 (5) Rostrum narrowed to apex (parallel-sided in G. arcurostris) ; with a seta behind
articulation of mandibles. Eyes acuminate below. Scrobes subcontiguous beneath. Prothorax with a lateral depression and tubercle at about middle. Elytra more or less impressed at declivities. Fore tibiae curved externally at base. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum ogival. Proventriculus with blades less separated at medians anteriorly
GASTEROCLISUS Desbrochers
5 (4) Rostrum almost parallel-sided ; without a seta behind articulation of mandibles.
Eyes rounded below. Scrobes somewhat separated beneath. Prothorax without such depression or tubercle. Elytra gradually sloping to apex. Fore tibiae straight externally. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum acuminate. Proventriculus with blades more separated at medians anteriorly
LIXUS Fabricius
6 (3) Scrobes widely separated beneath, their upper margins touching lower margins
of eyes. Pronotum arcuate anteriorly. Postmentum (fig. 6) hardly narrower at base than apex. (Tibiae with an apical tooth on inner margin of apical fringe. Rostrum narrowed to apex.) Without declivity teeth on proven tricular blade HYPOLIXUS Desbrochers
7 (2) Prothorax not like Lixus ; prosternum as long as or shorter than diameter of fore
coxae. Tibiae with or without premucro. Wing with veins A2 and A3 not stalked basally or absent.
8 (9) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Scape of antenna as long
as funicle. Prothorax very transverse ; prosternum without a fovea in front of each coxa. Scutellum distinct. Metepisternum very broad. Tibiae without premucro. Body without long erect setae. . . LARINUS Germar
9 (8) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Scape shorter than
funicle. Prothorax not transverse ; prosternum with a fovea in front of each coxa. Scutellum not visible. Metepisternum narrow. Tibiae with premucro. Body with long erect setae.
10 (n) Rostrum parallel-sided, longer than broad. Seventh segment of funicle free
from club. Fore coxae with long internal hairs ; tarsi with long erect hairs. In- tercoxal process of third abdominal sternum rounded LACHNAEUS Schonherr
11 (10) Rostrum narrowed to apex and not or scarcely longer than broad. Seventh
segment of funicle contiguous with club. Fore coxae and tarsi without long hairs. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum acuminate
MICROLARINUS Hochhut
12 (i) Rostrum usually short, scaly and not cylindrical in cross section, if so then upper
margin of scrobe excavated or with trace of median groove or carina ; scrobes reaching apex and visible anteriorly from above ; usually with rostral carina or
52 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
furrow. Antennal club with placoidal sensilla (fig. 8). Tibiae having mucral lamella ; intercoxal process of third sternum usually rounded. Body with scales (except Lixocleonus] ...... Tribe CLEONINI
13 (40) Elytra projecting over base of prothorax and excavated at base.
14 (15) Rostrum more or less cylindrical in transverse section and narrowed to apex .
(Eyes acuminate below. Second segment of funicle distinctly longer than first)
CONORHYNCHUS Motschulsky (= TEMNORHINUS Chevrolat), syn. n.
15 (14) Rostrum not narrowed to apex, more or less broadened at apex.
1 6 (21) Rostrum with a median furrow or at least trace of it. (Premucro present on fore
tibiae at least. Postmentum longer than prementum. Vein A5 reaching A4).
17 (20) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Scape shorter than funicle.
(All tarsal segments more or less spongy beneath.)
1 8 (19) Rostrum 4-carinate. Prosternum as long as diameter of fore coxae. Fore tibiae
without apical projection. Abdominal sterna with irregular bare spots. Wing with veins A2 and A3 stalked basally. Blades of proventriculus narrow and parallel-sided anteriorly ...... CLEONUS Schonherr
19 (18) Rostrum cylindrical, without any carinae. Prosternum shorter than diameter
of fore coxae. Fore tibiae with an apical projection interrupting the fringe. Abdominal sterna without any spots. Wings with veins A2 and A3 indepen- dent. Blades of proventriculus slightly narrow anteriorly and sinuate antero- laterally LIOCLEONUS Motschulsky
20 (17) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Scape longer than
funicle. (Abdomen with transverse rows of bare spots)
XANTHOCHELUS Chevrolat
21 (16) Rostrum without a median furrow and with at least one carina.
22 (25) Abdominal sterna with at least three pairs of basal lateral foveae. First segment
of maxillary palp as long as or longer than broad.
23 (24) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Fourth abdominal
sternum as long as or longer than fifth and sixth together ; sterna with bare spots regular or irrorated. Wing functional, veins A2 and A3 stalked. Labial palps one-segmented. Proventriculus without declivity teeth
PACHYCERUS Schonherr
24 (23) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Fourth abdominal
sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; sterna without bare spots. Wings rudimentary. Labial palps three-segmented
ATACTOGASTER Faust ( = NEMOXENUS Faust), syn. n.
25 (22) Abdominal sterna never with three pairs of basal foveae. First segment of
maxillary palp transverse.
26 (27) Scrobes subcontiguous beneath. Seventh segment of funicle distinct from club.
Prosternum longer than diameter of fore coxae. Scutellum large and triangu- lar. (Abdomen irrorated with black spots.) Proventriculus with blades more separated anteriorly at medians .... MECASPIS Schonherr
27 (26) Scrobes separated beneath. Seventh segment of funicle contiguous with club.
Prosternum shorter than or as long as diameter of fore coxae. Scutellum small or not visible. Proventriculus with blades less separated anteriorly at medians.
28 (29) Tibiae without distinct mucral lamella. All tarsal segments with spongy soles.
Fourth abdominal sternum clearly longer than fifth and sixth together ; abdomen irrorated with bare spots. Labial palps one-segmented. (Wing with vein A2 and A3 stalked basally. Stylus of female genitalia transverse)
LIXOCLEONUS Marshall
29 (28) Tibiae with more or less distinct mucral lamella ; all tarsal segments never
spongy beneath Fourth abdominal sternum not longer than fifth and sixth together ; abdomen not irrorated with bare spots. Labial palps two or three- segmented.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 33
30 (37) Second segment of funicle not longer than first. Fore tibiae without premucro ;
second hind tarsal segment equal to or slightly shorter than third. Abdominal sterna with brown spots. Collum and ramus of spermatheca not at right angles to each other. (Wing (fig. 4) with vein A2 and A3 not stalked basally.)
3 1 (34) Rostrum with median carina forked behind (forked on both ends in A mmocleonus) .
(Frons with a longitudinal furrow enclosed by fork of rostral carina.) Post- mentum longer than prementum. Fourth sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; eighth sternum in female without anterior process. Stylus in female genitalia longer than broad. (Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye.)
32 (33) Rostrum with epistome more well-defined. Scape longer than funicle. Fore tibiae
straight externally ; tarsi sublinear. Vein AS not reaching A4. Labial palps two-segmented AMMOCLEONUS Bedel
33 (32) Rostrum with epistome less well-defined. Scape as long as funicle. Fore tibiae
curved at apex externally ; third segment of tarsi broader than second. Vein AS reaching A4_ Labial palps three-segmented
NEOCLEONUS Chevrolat
34 (31) Rostrum with median carina not forked behind. Postmentum shorter than
prementum. Fourth sternum longer than or as long as fifth and sixth together ; eighth sternum in female with more or less distinct anterior process. Stylus of female genitalia transverse. (Vein AS reaching A4 posteriorly. Rostrum with two basal furrows.)
35 (36) Upper margin of scrobe touching lower margin of eye. Prosternum with neither
a fovea nor protuberance in front of each coxa. Third abdominal sternum with a brown band behind each coxa and almost as long as metasternum. Labial palp two -segmented. Vein A2 and A3 present
PYCNODACTYLUS Chevrolat
3^ (35) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Prosternum with a fovea and protuberance in front of each coxa. Third abdominal sternum without any band behind each coxa and longer than metasternum. Labial palps three-segmented. Only vein A2 present . . . COSMOGASTER Faust
37 (30) Second funicular segment distinctly longer than first. Fore tibiae with a pre-
mucro ; second hind tarsal segment longer than third. Abdominal sterna with bare spots. Collum and ramus of spermatheca (fig. 9) at right angles to each other.
38 (39) Upper margin of scrobe touching the eye. Eyes rounded beneath. Prosternum
with a fovea in front of each coxa. Tibiae without long hairs. Scales on elytra lanceolate. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum narrower than length of metasternum ; eighth sternum in female (fig. 7) without anterior process TETRAGONO THORAX Chevrolat
39 (38) Upper margin of scrobe not touching lower margin of eye. Eyes acuminate
below. Prosternum without a fovea in front of each coxa. Tibiae with long hairs. Scales on elytra brush-like. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum broader than length of metasternum ; eighth sternum in female with anterior process MENECLEONUS Faust
40 (13) Elytra neither projecting nor excavated at base. (Upper margin of scrobe not
touching lower margin of eye. Second segment of funicle distinctly longer than first. Fourth abdominal sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together ; sterna with bare spots. Proventriculus abruptly narrowed anteriorly).
41 (42) Eyes acuminate below. Third segment of funicle transverse. Prothorax more or
less bisinuate at base. Fore tibiae with premucro ; tarsal segments not bilobed. Metasternum as long as or longer than diameter of mid coxae. Eighth sternum in female without distinct narrow anterior process. Veins A2 and A3 not stalked basally BOTHYNODERES Schonherr
54 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
42 (41) Eyes rounded below. Third funicular segment not transverse. Prothorax rounded at base. Tibiae without premucro ; all tarsal segments bilobed. Meta- sternum shorter than diameter of mid coxae. Eighth sternum in female with distinct narrow anterior process. Wings rudimentary EURYCLEONUS Bedel
5. DISCUSSION
A proper understanding of the affinities of the Cleoninae cannot be obtained from the Indo-Pakistan representatives alone, and the suggestions made below are no more than a limited contribution to the problem of the natural classification of the Cleoninae. Even within the Indo-Pakistan fauna it seems that many previously recognized genera are heterogeneous assemblages. Definitive generic limits can be assigned only after a revision of all the Indo-Pakistan species. The present attempt to define the genera is based on types which have been fixed and are in the British Museum (Natural History), supplemented (where types have not been fixed) by a study of species which may be considered as types of their respective genera.
1. The Indo-Pakistan Cleoninae form a distinct and easily definable group of weevils having in common the following characteristic features : (i) mala of maxilla with stout socketed inner teeth and some ventral teeth ; (ii) ligula transverse and apical to prementum ; (iii) labial palps small, 1-3 segmented, and ventral in position ; (iv) metepimeron separating hind coxa from elytron ; (v) external fringe of tibiae apical ; (vi) hind wing folded distal to the middle ; (vii) crop with scattered bristles ; (viii) symbiont-carrying structure present on each side of membrane between eighth and ninth sternites.
2. The distinctions between the genera of the Cleoninae are much less clear. It is possible, however, to distinguish two tribes, the Lixini (comprising the genera Microlarinus, Lachnaeus, Larinus, Lixus, Gasteroclisus and Hypolixus} and the Cleonini (consisting of all the others) . The Lixini is a more homogeneous group than the Cleonini, and may be separated from them by the following characters : (i) general shape ; (ii) cylindrical rostrum, rarely broad at apex ; (iii) scrobes neither reaching apex of rostrum nor visible anteriorly from above ; (iv) elytra more or less hairy or with powdery substance (scaly in Cleonini) and (v) corbels without mucral lamella. There are, however, in both tribes a few genera and species which are transitional in respect of some characters. Thus, in addition to the exceptions already mentioned by Faust (1904), Microlarinus has scrobes reaching the apex of the rostrum, Cono- rhynchus and some species of Xanthochelus, have a cylindrical rostrum, and Lixo- cleonus has small hairs on the elytra and corbels without a mucral lamella.
3. The Lixini contains a group of three rather closely related genera, Lixus, Gastero- clisus and Hypolixus, all of which have in common : (i) subconical prothorax ; (ii) prosternum longer in front than diameter of fore coxae and (iii) 3-segmented labial palps. These genera also possess certain primitive characters ; (i) tarsal segments spongy beneath and (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally. Of the remaining genera of Lixini, Larinus appears to be most closely related to the Lixus-group, since it lacks a premucro on the tibiae and has broad tarsal segments which are spongy beneath. Microlarinus and Lachnaeus, on the other hand, seem quite distinct from the other genera of Lixini but resemble each other in their small size, long erect body-hairs
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOIBINAE 55
and premucro and tarsi less spongy beneath (the last character suggesting a resemb- lance with Lixocleonus of the Cleonini). Of the two, Lachnaeus seems closer to the other Lixini than Microlarinus.
4. The Cleonini include some genera which seem only distantly related to each other, but a few groups of allied genera can nevertheless be recognized. The first of these contains the five genera Pachycerus, Xanthochelus, Cleonus, Mecaspis and Lixocleonus, which have in common : (i) broad spongy tarsi ; (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally or, in Mecaspis, tending to meet basally ; (iii) the anterior process of the eighth abdominal sternum distinct or intermediate. Although these characters suggest affinities with the Lixini, the group also shows three characters which recur individually in other genera of Cleonini : (i) first segment of funicle longer than second (or equal in Lixocleonus) ; (ii) three-segmented labial palps (one-segmented in Lixocleonus) ; (iii) anterior process of eighth sternum distinct or intermediate.
5. A second group of genera in the Cleonini comprises Neocleonus, Ammocleonus and Tetragonothorax which have in common : (i) eighth sternum without anterior process (a character found nowhere else) ; (ii) upper margin of scrobes touching lower margin of eyes ; (iii) median rostral carina complete. The characters of Neocleonus suggest a relationship between this group and the preceding one, since it has spongy " soles " to the tarsi ; but veins Az and A3 are independent of each other. A different relationship is perhaps indicated by the resemblance between Tetragonothorax and Conorhynchus.
6. Conorhynchus has affinities with a wide range of genera but is best considered as a member of a third group which also contains Bothynoderes and Menecleonus and to which Tetragonothorax might be added. These have (i) the second segment of the funicle distinctly longer than the third and (ii) the second hind tarsal segment longer than the third. The wingless genus Eurycleonus also deserves mention here since its second funicular segment is longer than the first, but it is distinct in having all the tarsal segments bilobed and the metasternum shorter than the diameter of the mid coxae and as long as the intercoxal process. Otherwise, Eurycleonus shows some points of resemblance with Bothynoderes (elytra neither excavated nor projecting at base ; with brush-like scales) and others with Atactogaster (wingless ; eighth sternum with long anterior process) . Of the genera which form this third group Conorhynchus differs from the others in having two-segmented labial palps and other characters already mentioned. The subgenus Menecleonus Fst., moreover, differs from Bothyno- deres in having (i) elytra excavated and projecting at base ; (ii) veins A2 and A3 stalked basally ; (iii) A5 reaching A4 ; (iv) tarsi with stout bristles beneath ; (v) blades of proventriculus abruptly truncated in front. It is therefore here raised to generic level with B. signaticollis Gyll. as its type.
7. The remaining Cleonine genera (i.e. Pycnodactylus, Cosmogaster, Atactogaster (=Nemoxenus) and Liocleonus do not form a homogeneous group, though the first two both have (i) rostrum with converging basal depressions ; (ii) styli of female genitalia transverse. They also resemble Atactogaster in having the postmentum shorter than the prementum. Pycnodactylus, however, has a greater overall resem- blance to Conorhynchus and Ammocleonus than has Cosmogaster. Liocleonus also resembles Conorhynchus and Ammocleonus but is otherwise distinct in having (i)
56 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
rostrum with deep median furrow and no carinae and (ii) abdomen uniformly coloured without bare or brown spots. Faust (1904) doubtfully separated his two genera Nemoxenus and Atactogaster on the ground that the former has shoulders to the elytra. They are here regarded as identical and Nemoxenus syn. n. thus sinks as a synonym of Atactogaster.
8. Type species of six genera are here designated as follows :
Xanthochelus longus Chevrolat, 1873 as type of Xanthochelus Chevrolat, 1873 ;
Neocleonus velatus Chevrolat, 1873 (—Curculio sannio Herbst, 1795) as type of Neocleonus Chevrolat, 1873 ;
Lixus hieroglyphicus Olivier, 1807 as type of Ammocleonus Bedel, 1907 ;
Cleonus lateralis Gyllenhal in Schonherr, 1834 as type of Cosmogaster Faust, 1904 ;
Neocleonus orientalis Chevrolat, 1873 as type of Atactogaster Faust, 1904 ;
Temnorhinus saucerottei Chevrolat, 1873 (=Bothynoderes brevirostris Gyllenhal in Schonherr, 1834) as type of Temnorhinus Chevrolat, 1873 (=Conorhynchus Mot- schulsky, 1860).
II. HYLOBIINAE
i. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Lacordaire (1863) excluded wingless genera from his tribe " Hylobiides " but he included Paipalesomus and placed Peribleptus under his " Lixides ". Kono (1929) described a new genus Tenguzo, under Lixini. This was later sunk by Heller (1941) as a synonym of Peribleptus, while Marshall (1944) also sank Paipalesomus as a synonym of Peribleptus.
Faust (1892) described the new genera Pagiophloeus and Dyscerus under this subfamily ; the latter genus was, however, sunk as a synonym of the former by Heller (1929) but again raised by Marshall (1943) as a valid genus. Kono (1934) considered both of Faust's genera as synonymous with Hylobius Germ. Kono (1933) also described another genus Kobuzo under Hylobiinae.
Blatchley and Leng (1916) denned the Hylobiinae and transferred Sternechini to Cleoninae.
Marshall (1932) made a general survey of the relationships of the subfamily and put forward a provisional classification of the groups which was followed by Dalla Torre (1932). In the same paper he also described an isolated genus Pinacopus.
Solari (1941) included Rhytirrhinini, Minyopini and Hyperini as tribes of Hylo- biinae in addition to Marshall's tribes (1932). He broadly followed Reitter (1912), but his work only added to the confusion already existing as to the limits of the subfamily since the Hyperini are probably nearer to the Cleoninae in having the metepimeron visible and separating the elytra from the hind coxal cavities (Faust, 1883).
Further uncertainty as to the limits of the subfamily was well demonstrated when Marshall (1948) described two wingless genera Amphialodes and Ypsilepidus from Burma under the subfamilies Hylobiinae and Cryptorrhynchinae respectively, though their generic separation can hardly be justified. In 1952 he also transferred Amphialus Pascoe from Cryptorrhynchinae to Hylobiinae and made Platyrhynchus Chevrolat a synonym of Styanax Pascoe.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE
57
Since it is clear that the limits of the subfamily are confused, an attempt is made here to define it more precisely, although it must be emphasized that it is not possible to do so fully on the basis of the Indo-Pakistan genera alone.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The following representatives of the various genera were studied. Type species are marked with an asterisk.
1. Platyrhynchus Chevrolat *P. bicarinatus Chevrolat
2. Styanax Pascoe
*S. carbonarius Pascoe Styanax sp. nov.
3. Peribleptus Schonherr *P. scalptus Boheman
4. Paramecops Schonherr *P. farinosus (Wiedemann)
5. Kobuzo Kono
*K. rectirostris (Roelofs) K. crassus Marshall
6. Plinthus Germar *P. megerlei (Panzer)
P.findeli (Boheman)
7. Pagiophloeus Faust P. javanicus Faust P. tuberosus Marshall P. erosus Marshall
8. Dyscerus Faust
*D. macilentus (Boheman) D. rusticus (Pascoe) D. longiclavus Marshall
9. Hylobius Germar *H. piceus (Degeer)
H. angustus Faust
10. Porohylobius Faust
*P. feae Faust n. Euthycus Pascoe *E. macilentus Pascoe E. costalis Marshall E. pendleburyi Marshall
12. Ischnopus Faust */. taprobanus Faust
13. A dees Schonherr
*A. cribratus Gyllenhal A. birmanus Faust
14. Niphades Pascoe
N. pardalotus Pascoe N. granicollis Faust
15. Niphadonyx Schenkling N.ferus (Faust)
16. Pinacopus Marshall *P. caudatus Marshall
P. dentirostris Marshall P. mishmensis Marshall
17. Amphialus Pascoe A. turgidus Pascoe A. agrestis Pascoe
18. Amphialodes Marshall *A . acuminatus Marshall
The mouth-parts, proventriculus, spermatheca, eighth sternum in the female and female genitalia were stained in acid fuchsin or borax carmine, dehydrated, cleared and mounted in Canada balsam.
As regards terminology I follow Kuschel (1951) in using the tibial uncus andmucro as equivalent terms. The term " premucro " is used for a tooth present between or near the two inner apical tufts of setae on the tibia. Ting (1936) is followed for the terminology of the labium, i.e. prementum and postmentum in place of mentum and peduncle of other authors. The parts of the proventriculus are given English equiva- lents of Niisslin's (1911) terminology.
58 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
KEY TO THE GENERA OF HYLOBIINAE
1 (4) Rostrum as long as or shorter than broad. Antennae (fig. 14) very short, not
geniculate, scape short, less than f the length of the funicle. Maxillae (fig. 12) with lacinial teeth in two planes, i.e. ventral broad teeth on mala also present (but also in Peribleptus) ; prementum large and more than twice as long as the short postmentum (fig. 13), very hairy along with the palpi. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment not longer than part enclosed by lobes of third. Hind wing (fig. 15) with vein A4 sclerotized. Proventriculus absent. Eighth sternum (fig. n) with a fringe of long hairs posteriorly. Female genitalia (fig. 10) without styli.
2 (3) Rostrum transverse, eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on upper and lower
surfaces of head. Antennae with seventh segment of funicle free from club ; club large, three-segmented, sutures hardly marked and first segment much shorter than the rest together. Frons narrower than base of rostrum. Meta- sternum i£ times longer than the diameter of mid coxae. Top of declivity of elytra not prominent. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment shorter than part enclosed by lobes of third. Fore coxal cavities open in front and prosternum deeply excavate. Vein A2 absent.
PL A T YRH YNCHUS Chevrolat
3 (2) Rostrum not transverse, eyes lateral. Antennae with seventh segment of
funicle contiguous with club ; club small, compact, apparently four-seg- mented and first segment almost equal to the rest together. Frons as broad as base of rostrum. Metasternum almost equal to diameter of mid coxae. Elytra with top of declivity prominent. Fore coxal cavities closed anteriorly and prosternum less excavate. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment almost as long as part enclosed by lobes of third. Vein A2 present (fig. 26) STYANAX Pascoe
0'4 mm
0-4 ,
O-4mm.
15
FIGS. 10-15. Platyrhynchus bicarinatus : 10, Female genitalia ; n, Eighth sternum of female ; 12, Maxilla ; 13, Labium ; 14, Antenna ; 15, Wing.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 59
4 (i) Rostrum longer than broad. Antennae (fig. 20) medium or long and geniculate ;
scape as long as or slightly longer than the funicle. Maxilla (fig. 18) with lacinial teeth in one plane (except Peribleptus] i.e. ventral broad teeth on mala absent ; prementum (if present) usually shorter than, sometimes as long as postmentum (fig. 19) ; palps and prementum never very hairy. Free distal part of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment longer than part enclosed by lobes of third (above the third in Pinacopus}. Hind wing (fig. 17) with vein A4 not sclerotized but represented by a pigmented band only. Proventriculus present. Eighth sternum in female never with a thick fringe of hairs posteri- orly though some hairs may be present. Female genitalia (fig. 16) with styli.
5 (6) Rostrum arched in continuation of the head, with two dorsal sulci filled with
white secretion. Maxilla (fig. 22) having mala with ventral broad teeth ; pal- pifer reticulate ; stipes small ; basal segment of palps parallel-sided. Labium (fig. n) with long notched postmentum visible ventrally and without pre- mentum and palps. Apex of fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment with a small tooth under each claw. Elytra projecting over the base of pro thorax ; hind wing (fig. 25) with veins A2 and A3 absent. Styli of female genitalia with setae other than the apical ones. Proventriculus (fig. 21) with plate represented by two longitudinally curved reticulate flanges. Body form elongate, like Lixus PERIBLEPTUS Schonherr
6 (5) Rostrum, if arched, not curved continuously with the head ; without two such
dorsal sulci. Maxilla (fig. 18) without broad ventral teeth in a second plane (lower row of short broad teeth present in Niphades and Niphadonyx] ; palpifer not reticulate ; stipes larger ; basal segment of palps never parallel-sided but narrow at base. Labium with pre- and postmentum and three-segmented palps on anterior side of the former. Elytra not projecting over the base of prothorax ; hind wing with A2 and A3 or only A3 present. Fifth (apparent fourth) tarsal segment simple at apex. Styli of female genitalia without setae other than the apical ones. Proventriculus without the flanges if plate present. Body not like Lixus.
7 (30) Fore coxae contiguous. Apical mucro of tibia never external, but always
shifted to the inner side and arising from a lamella, more or less sharp.
8 (27) Tarsal claws simple. Prosternum not excavate. Eighth sternum (fig. 24) in
female with long, simple anterior process. Proventriculus (fig. 27) without plates. Mid and hind tibiae not very broad subapically, their fringes not sinuate ; without a projection at the end of fringes externally.
9 (26) Antennal club neither elongate nor two-segmented. Metepisternum not grooved
longitudinally ; metasternum never continuously impressed anteriorly and longitudinally on both sides. Prothorax either broad at basal half or in front of base. Mid and hind tibiae without a subapical fringe parallel to the apical one. Proventriculus with brushes which lack parallel bars supported in the middle posteriorly ; cardiac valve without rows of bristles.
10 (23) Elytra with shoulders. Hind coxae transverse. Mesepimera broad. Metepister-
num with head broader than visible posterior part.
11 (16) External fringe of corbel apical and not clearly oblique to the axis of tibia.
12 (13) Frons narrower than base of rostrum. Rostrum with only a single dorsal apical
seta on either side ; scrobes ending laterally at a distance from apex of rostrum ; no lateral seta behind the articulation of mandible. Eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on upper and lower surfaces of head. Prementum slightly longer than broad. Trochanter without an erect seta ; fore tibiae curved externally at base and all without premucro. Wing (fig. 17) with vein M projecting in front of its junction with r-m ; A2 and A3 present. Intercoxal process of third sternum (first visible ventrite) broadly acuminate. Crop with short scattered bristles. Second tarsal segment as long as broad.
PARAMECOPS Schonherr
6o
NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
13 (12) Frons as broad as or slightly broader than base of rostrum. Rostrum with a tuft
of dorsal apical setae on each side ; scrobes reaching apex ; lateral seta behind the articulation of mandible present. Eyes lateral in position. Prementum as long as broad or transverse. Trochanters with an erect seta ; fore tibiae not curved externally at base and all tibiae with premucro. Wing (fig. 25) (absent in Plinthus] with vein M passing straight into r-m ; A2 absent. Intercoxal process of third sternum broader and not acuminate. Crop with a long and short row of bristles in front of medians and intermedians respectively. Second tarsal segment transverse.
14 (15) Rostrum without median carina ; with lateral longitudinal depression above
scrobes and two dorsal furrows. Eyes not acuminate below. Prementum transverse. Seventh funicular segment contiguous with club ; club three- segmented, first segment shorter than the rest together. Pro thorax bisinuate at base and rounded at apex above ; pronotum granulate and without carina ; postocular lobes broad. Scutellum distinct. Mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a deep broad furrow. Metasternum granulate. Femora abruptly claviform apically. Elytra with alternate intervals not raised and not fused together and with a distinct callosity on top of declivity. Third ster- num separated from the fourth by a deep suture. . . KOBUZO K6no
15 (14) Rostrum with median carina and without any longitudinal depression or furrows.
Eyes acuminate below. Prementum as long as broad. Seventh funicular segment free from club ; club unsegmented (apparently three-segmented), first apparent segment longer than the rest together. Prothorax slightly rounded at base and truncate at apex above ; pronotum carinate medially, not granulate ; postocular lobes absent. Scutellum not visible. Mesepimeron not separated from mesepisternum by a deep broad furrow. Metasternum not granulate. Femora gradually claviform, at least in fore and mid legs. Elytra fused together, their alternate intervals raised, without a distinct callosity at top of declivity which gradually descends to apex. Third sternum separated from fourth by a suture, which is curved and obsolete in the middle.
PLINTHUS Germar
16
0-4 r
FIGS. 16-20. 16, Female genitalia of Peribleptus scalptus. 17, Wing of Dyscerus clathratus. 1 8, Maxilla of Kobuzo crassus. 19, Labium of Kobuzo crassus. 20, Antenna of Peribleptus scalptus.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE
61
1 6 (n) External fringe of corbel oblique. (Frons narrower than base of rostrum (though
only slightly so in Porohylobius). Prementum transverse and shorter than postmentum.)
17 (22) Mesepimeron not separated from the mesepisternum by a broad furrow.
Premucro absent ; hind tibiae not sinuate externally. Elytra with simple scales. Eyes surrounded posteriorly by a depression.
1 8 (19) Fore tibiae strongly curved at base externally ; second segment of hind tarsus
transverse. Third sternum separated from the fourth by a deep suture. Two lateral setae behind articulation of each mandible. (Fore tibiae straight externally at apex) PAGIOPHLOEUS Faust
19 (18) Fore tibiae straight externally at base. Second segment of hind tarsus not
transverse. Third sternum separated from fourth by a weak suture. One seta behind articulation of each mandible.
20 (21) Rostrum with two dorsal furrows. Eyes vertically elongate, encroaching on
upper and lower surfaces of head. Seventh funicular segment free from the club. Metasternum transversely impressed behind each mid coxa. Fore tibiae curved externally at apex and with an internal as well as external subapical brush of setae below the apical fringes. Intercoxal process of third sternum acuminate DYSCER US Faust
21 (20) Rostrum without two dorsal furrows. Eyes dorso-lateral. Seventh funicular
segment contiguous with the club. Metasternum not transversely impressed behind each mid coxa. Fore tibiae straight externally at apex and without, internal or external subapical brush of setae below the apical fringes. Inter- coxal process of third sternum broad and arched . . HYLOBIUS Germar
FIGS. 21-26. Peribleptus scalptus : 2 1 , Proventricular blade ; 22, Maxilla ; 23, Labium. 24, Eighth sternum of female of Dyscerus clathratus. Wing of : 25, Peribleptus scalptus 26, Styanax sp. n.
62 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
22 (17) Mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a broad, deep furrow. Pre-
mucro present ; hind tibiae sinuate externally. Elytra with brush-like scales. Eyes lateral (only very slightly dorsal) and not surrounded posteriorly by a depression POROHYLOBIUS Faust
23 (10) Elytra without shoulders. Hind coxae subglobular. Mesepimera very narrow.
Metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior visible part or only visible as a very narrow strip. (Pronotum truncate apically.)
24 (25) Rostrum without marked epistome ; with a dorsal longitudinal depression at
apex. Eyes not entirely lateral. Prementum shorter than postmentum. Funicle with first segment not longer than second, seventh free from the club ; club three-segmented, sutures oblique. Prosternum in front of coxae shorter than their diameter. Scutellum not visible. Trochanters each with at least one long seta. Femora abruptly claviform at apex and toothed. Premucro absent. Third tarsal segment much broader and bilobed. Antero-lateral angles of elytra acute. Intercoxal process of third sternum rounded anteriorly and narrower than a hind coxa. Metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior visible part EUTHYCUS Pascoe
25 (24) Rostrum with a glabrous epistome ; without a dorsal longitudinal depression
at apex. Eyes lateral. Prementum longer and broader than postmentum. Funicle with first segment longer than second, seventh contiguous with the club ; club really unsegmented but apparently four-segmented because of arrangement of pubescence, apparent sutures transverse. Prosternum in front of coxae longer than their diameter. Scutellum minute. Trochanters without an erect seta. Femora gradually clubbed and untoothed. Premucro small. Tarsi sublinear, third segment very slightly bilobed. Antero-lateral angles of elytra obtuse. Intercoxal process of third sternum truncate and as broad as a hind coxa . ... ISCHNOPUS Faust
26 (9) Antennal club elongate, two-segmented, its suture glabrous. Metepisternum
grooved longitudinally. Metasternum continuously impressed anteriorly and longitudinally on each side. Pro thorax broadest at base. Mid and hind tibiae with a subapical fringe parallel to the apical one. Proventriculus (fig. 29) having brushes with parallel bars supported in the middle posteriorly ; cardiac valve with two rows of bristles behind each blade . AC LEES Schonherr
27 (8) Tarsal claws appendiculate. Prosternum excavate. Eighth sternum in female
with anterior process short or long with two arms and sinuate at base. Proven- triculus (fig. 28) with grinding plates. Mid and hind tibiae broader sub- apically and their fringes sinuate ; produced into a tooth-like structure at the end of their fringes externally. (Frons as broad as or broader than base of rostrum. Two tufts of setae and two setae between them present at apex of rostrum) .
28 (29) Eyes latero-ventral. Club three segmented. Prothorax feebly bisinuate at base.
Metasternum distinctly longer than diameter of mid coxae ; metepisternum with its head broader than the posterior exposed part. Premucro absent. Elytra jointly sinuate at base and shoulders impressed. Fourth abdominal sternum longer than fifth and sixth together. . . . NIPHADES Pascoe
29 (28) Eyes lateral and small. Antennal club two-segmented. Prothorax rounded at
base. Metasternum shorter than diameter of mid coxae ; metepisternum with its head narrower than its posterior part. Premucro present. Elytra truncate at base and without marked shoulders. Fourth abdominal sternum shorter than fifth and sixth together .... NIPHADONYX Dalla Torre
30 (7) Fore coxae separate ; apical mucro of tibiae external and without a basal
lamella. (Eyes lateral and without posterior depression. Seventh funicular segment free from club. Prothorax truncate at base. Mesepimera fused
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 63
with mesepisterna or very narrow. Premucro present. Elytra without marked shoulders.)
31 (32) Prothorax oblique laterally at base ; prosternum very slightly excavated. Tarsi
with third segment spatulate (as in Rhynchophorinae) but notched anteriorly. Elytra jointly sinuate at base ; stria 10 abbreviated . PINACOPUS Marshall
32 (31) Prothorax almost straight laterally at base ; prosternum distinctly excavated.
Tarsi with third segment bilobed. Elytra truncate at base ; stria 10 more or less marked.
33 (34) Scutellum small. Metasternum with sutures at least partially denned. Hind
coxae subglobular. Tibiae sinuate externally ; external apical fringe sinuate. Intercoxal process of third abdominal sternum subtruncate and broader than a hind coxa ; third abdominal sternum separated from the fourth by a deep transverse suture ; fourth to sixth sterna subequal AMPHIALUS Pascoe
34 (33) Scutellum not visible. Metasternum with sclerites fused. Hind coxae trans-
verse. Tibiae straight externally ; external apical fringe transverse. In- tercoxal process of third abdominal sternum abruptly pointed in the middle and almost as broad as a hind coxa ; third abdominal sternum separated from the fourth by a curved suture, obsolete in the middle ; fourth sternum distinctly longer than fifth and sixth together . . AMPHIALODES Marshall
4. DEFINITION OF THE SUBFAMILY HYLOBIINAE
Of the Indo-Pakistan genera keyed in the foregoing pages, Platyrhynchus Chev., Styanax Pasc., Peribleptus Schonh., Pinacopus Mshl., Amphialus Pasc. and Amphi- alodes Mshl. are here removed from this subfamily (see discussion, p. 65). On the basis of the remainder the subfamily Hylobiinae is defined as follows :
Rostrum stout (never narrow like Pinacopus Mshl.), broader at apex than at base (except A dees birmanus). Scrobe reaching the apex and its lower margin visible anteriorly, when viewed from above (except Paramecops and A dees birmanus). Mala with a single inner row (two rows in Niphades and Niphadonyx) of stout lacinial teeth but no ventral teeth ; labium with distinct postmentum.
Antenna with club usually shorter than funicle. Fore coxae contiguous ; femora stalked and usually claviform. Tibiae more or less bisinuate internally, at least the fore ones, and compressed; sharp mucro never external but somewhat shifted to the inner side and arising from a more or less distinct lamella and oblique to the axis of the tibia (almost at right angle in Kobuzo) ; claws simple (appendiculate in Niphades and Niphadonyx).
Elytra broader than base of prothorax (except Euthycus) . Wings folded proximal to the middle; at least A3, A4 and AS present ; A4 sclerotized, A3 and AS represented by pigmented bands only.
Spermathecal gland always vesiculate ; stylus of female genitalia without setae except at apex.
5. DISCUSSION
The Indo-Pakistan Hylobiinae, as denned by Marshall (1932) and with the same arrangement followed in Catalogus Coleopterorum (Dalla Torre, et al., 1932), are a heterogeneous assemblage of genera. It is therefore proposed to comment first on the tribes included by Marshall (1932). Type species of almost all the genera studied are represented in the British Museum (Natural History).
The tribe Paipalesomini, represented in Indo-Pakistan by Peribleptus, is peculiar in having (i) Lixus-Eke shape, (ii) prementum absent, (iii) mucro on tibiae external and (iv) proventriculus with characteristic flanges of grinding plate. The last three
64
NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
0-4.
29
FIGS. 27-29. Proventricular blade of : 27, Euthycus costalis ; 28, Niphadonyx ferus
29, Aclees cribratus.
ON THE INDO-PAKISTAN CLEONINAE AND HYLOBIINAE 65
characters more or less agree with those of some Rhynchophorinae (Cosmopolites). This tribe is here removed from Hylobiinae and raised to subfamily rank.
The tribe Hylobiini has been separated by Marshall from the tribe Liparini solely on the basis of the presence or absence of humeral calli and functional wings. Despite this, the wingless genus Porohylobius is included in the Catalogue under subtribe Hylobiina. Similarly the wingless genus Niphadonyx has been placed under Liparini far from an undoubtedly close genus Niphades (Lithinini).
The tribe Anchonini, moreover, is a heterogeneous assemblage. Ischnopus is nearer to Euthycus (placed under Liparini) than to any of the other Anchonini. This tribe is distinct from other Hylobiinae and is here raised to subfamily rank.
The Lithinini contains some genera without a proventriculus (i.e. Lithinus, Styanax and Platyrhynchus}, while Niphades and others have a well developed pro- ventriculus. It is suggested that this group should be limited to genera without a proventriculus and be raised to subfamily rank. A more precise definition must await further study.
Furthermore, Sternechus resembles Gonipterus (Gonipterinae) more closely than any Hylobiinae and should form a separate subfamily (Sternechinae).
As the limits of the tribes mentioned by Marshall (1932) are so ill-defined I have preferred to construct a key to genera without division into tribes.
Below an attempt is made to indicate some generic relationships among Indo- Pakistan Hylobiinae. Other genera are also discussed briefly.
1. Hylobius, Pagiophloeus, Dy scents and Porohylobius form a group which have (i) external fringe of corbel oblique, (ii) frons narrower than base of rostrum, (iii) elytra with shoulders, (iv) mesepimeron broad, (v) antennal club never two-segmented. Porohylobius species are wingless with mesepimeron separated from mesepisternum by a deep furrow and elytra with brush-like scales. It is less closely related to Pagiophloeus than the other two.
2. A second group comprises the genera Paramecops, Kobuzo and Plinthus, all having the fringe of the corbels apical. The first two genera show more affinities to the Hylobius-group than does the last one, while Kobuzo comes nearer to Porohylobius than does Paramecops. Plinthus does not closely resemble any other Hylobiinae.
3. Euthycus and Ischnopus are closely allied genera of wingless species.
4. Niphades and Niphadonyx form another distinctive group having (i) claws appendiculate, (ii) proventriculus with grinding plates resembling Cossoninae and Scolytinae and (iii) prosternum more or less excavate. Niphades shows a greater resemblance to the Hylobius-group than does Niphadonyx.
5. A dees is a very distinct genus with a two-segmented elongate antennal club. It most closely resembles the Hylobius-group (except for Hylobius).
6. Pinacopus, Amphialus and Amphialodes (— Ypsilepidus Mshl., syn. n.) are transferred to the Cryptorrhynchinae.
7. Platyrhynchus Chev. is a valid genus, not a synonym of Styanax ; both should be included in the tribe Lithinini, which is here raised to subfamily rank.
8. Peribleptus Schonh. is removed from Hylobiinae on the basis of its shape, mouth parts, tibial mucro and proventriculus.
ENTOM. 13, 3 6
66 NAZIR AHMAD ASLAM
9. Niphades pardalotus Pascoe and Amphialus turgidus Pascoe are here designated as type species of Niphades Pascoe and Amphialus Pascoe respectively.
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out as a fellow in the Imperial College of Science and Tech- nology, London. I am indebted to Professor O. W. Richards for providing all the facilities in the Zoology Department. I am also grateful to Mr. R. G. Davies, the late Sir Guy Marshall and the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) for their help. Thanks are due to the Government of Pakistan and the Colombo Plan Authori- ties for awarding me the fellowship.
7. REFERENCES
BEDEL, L., 1907, Catalogue raisonn6 des Coleopteres du nord de 1'Afrique. Abeille, Paris 31 : 43. BLATCHLEY & LENG, 1916, Rhynchophora of North East America. Indianapolis. CHEVROLAT, A., 1873, Memoir sur les Cleonides. Mem. Soc. Sci. Liege (2) 5 : 8-118. CSIKI, E., 1934, Catalogus Coleopterorum, pt. 134. DALLA TORRE, et al., 1932, Catalogus Coleopterorum pt. 122. DESBROCHERS DES LOGES, J., 1904, Curculionides inedite d'Europe et circa. Frelon 12 : 81 and
103. FAUST, J., 1882 (1883), Die Europaeischen und Asiatischen Arten der Gattungen Erirhinus,
Notaris, Icaris, Dorytomus. Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou n. 3 : 113-188.
— 1892, Curculioniden aus dem Malayischen Archipel. Stettin, ent. Ztg. 53 : 184-228.
— 1904, Revision der Gruppe Cleonides vrais. Dtsch. ent. Z., 177-284. (Col.)
HELLER, K. M., 1929, Neue Riisselkafer von den Philippinen und von Borneo nebst einen Verzeichnis entomologischer Sammler und Sammelplatze auf den Philippinen. Abh. Mus. Tierk. Volkerk. Dresden 17 (3) : 12.
- 1941, Peribleptus Sch. und Carcilia Roelofs (Col. Cure. Hylobiinae). Ent. Bl. 37 : 78-83. KONO, H., 1929, Die Cleoninen Japans (Col. Cure.). Insecta matsum. 4 : 49-63.
— 1933, Die Hylobiinen Aus Formosa (Col. Cure.). Insecta matsum. 7 : 182-189.
- 1934, Die Japanischen Hylobiinen (Col. Cure.). /. Fac. Agric. Hokkaido Univ. 33 : 223-248. KUSCHEL, G., 1951, Revision de Lissorhoptrus Leconte y generos vecinos de America. Rev. Chil.
Ent., Santiago 1 : 23-74.
LACORDAIRE, T., 1863, Histoire Naturelles des Insectes. Genera des Coleopteres. 6. MARSHALL, G. A. K., 1932, Notes on Hylobiinae (Col. Cure.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (10) 9 :
341-355-
- 1939, New Tropical African Curculionidae (Col.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 3 : 561-583.
- 1944, On the genus Peribleptus Schonh. (Col. Cure.). Ann. Mag. nat. Hist, (n) 11 : 655-661.
- 1948, Entomological results from the Swedish expedition 1934 to Burma and British India (Col. Cure.) Novit. Zool. 42 : 397-473.
NiissLiN, O., 1911, Phylogenie und system der Borkenkafer Z. wiss. Insekten Biol. 7 : 1-5 ;
47-5i; 77-82; 109-112; 145-156; 248-255; 271-282; 302-308; 333-338. REITTER, E., 1912 (1913), Bestimmungs-Schliissel der mir bekannten europaischen Gattungen
der Curculionidae, mit Einschluss der mir bekannten Gattungen aus dem palaearctischen
Gebiete. Verh. naturf. Ver. Brunn. 51 : 1-90 (Col.) ; Best-Tab, europ. 68 : 1-90. SOLARI, F., 1941, Revisione dei Neoplinthus Italiani Ed Alcune Note de Sistematica Generale
dei Curculionidi. Mem. Soc. ent. ital. 20 : 43-90. TING, P. C., 1936, The mouthparts of the Coleopterous group Rhynchophora. Microentomology,
\ : 9-IT-
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g,
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS
NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA
(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)
G. E. TITE
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 4
LONDON: 1963
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS
NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA
(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE
BV
G. E. TITE
XVVA
British Museum (Natural
Pp. 67-116 ; Plates 1-2 ; 91 Text-figures
BULLETIN OF
THE BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY) ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 13 No. 4
LONDON: 1963
THE BULLETIN OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
(NATURAL HISTORY), instituted in 1949, is issued in five series, corresponding to the Departments of the Museum, and an Historical series.
Parts will appear at irregular intervals as they become ready. Volumes will contain about three or four hundred pages, and will not necessarily be completed within one calendar year.
This paper is Vol. 13, No. 4 of the Entomological series. The abbreviated titles of periodicals cited follow those of the World List of Scientific Periodicals.
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PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM
Issued February 1963 Price Twenty Shillings
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS
NACADUBA AND ALLIED GENERA
(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)
By G. E. TITE
CONTENTS
Page INTRODUCTION ..... 69
NACADUBA MOORE . . 70
PROSOTAS DRUCE . . 88
PARADUBA BAKER . . 97
IONOLYCE TOXOPEUS ... 100
ERYSICHTON FRUHSTORFER .... ... 102
CA TOP YROPS TOXOPEUS . .105
PETRELAEA TOXOPEUS 109
REFERENCES . . ... . .109
INDEX ... . . . -113
SYNOPSIS
The species of Nacaduba are listed according to their relationships. In particular the grouping of species and subspecies from the Papuan region, hitherto confused, has been corrected, as the result of examination of the type specimens described by Lord Rothschild, Fruhstorfer, and others. Ten new species and nineteen new subspecies are described.
INTRODUCTION
THE Indo-Malayan representatives of Nacaduba have been ably dealt with by Toxopeus, Corbet, and Eliot, so that probably little remains to be discovered about the specific relationships of the races from that region. Study of the material in the British Museum (Natural History), however, reveals a very different situation as regards the more eastern portion of the Indo- Australian region, especially in respect of that from New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Solomon Islands. Investigation of the types shows that most of the insects described as species by the late Lord Rothschild have by various authors been assigned as subspecies to quite unrelated species ; this, and the discovery of a number of species new to science, renders the present work desirable. The presence in the B.M. (N.H.) of most of Fruhstorfer's types has facilitated the correct specific grouping of the races he described. Toxopeus has shown (1929) that the genus Nacaduba can be conveniently divided into smaller units, and has given these units generic rank ; with some modifications this system is followed here, consideration being given to the male genitalic structures and to the slight differences in venation. Dr. Corbet (1938) deprecates the division of Nacaduba and gives as one reason the fact that the females of the berenice and nova groups cannot be separated on differences of vena- ENTOM. 13, 4 7
yo G. E. TITE
tion. This does not seem to be a conclusive argument, and could be carried to extreme lengths, as was done by Aurivillius when he incorporated into the single genus Cupido twenty-four groups, to each of which generic status is generally accorded by other competent systematists. The extent of the anastomosis of veins II and 12 of the fore wing has been used by various authors as a generic character ; this is not always reliable, as it can vary considerably in individuals of the same species. During the course of the present work, the following species have been observed to vary in this way : N. beroe, N. hermus, N. pactolus and N. sinhala.
It is intended that this paper should be used in conjunction with the works of the authors mentioned above ; it does not aspire to the status of a monograph. Future investigation may prove that some of the listed subspecific names are not well founded, and may become synonyms. Herein, the main consideration has been to group all the published names in correct relation to the species, and the fact that a name is included does not necessarily imply approval of its validity or status. Whenever possible, figures of the male genitalia are given for those species that are not so figured elsewhere. The word (Type !) after a reference indicates that the type is in the B.M. (N.H.) and that it has been examined.
The author wishes to express thanks to Colonel J. N. Eliot who has presented specimens (including types) to the B.M. (N.H.), lent others from his collection, and aided the completion of the work by helpful criticism and suggestions.
NACADUBA Moore Nacaduba Moore, 1881 : 88. Type species : Lampides prominens Moore.
The genus in its present restricted sense forms a reasonably homogeneous group ; although certain species exhibit characters that would seem to split the genus into even smaller sections or subgenera, the great difference in the formation of the penis in the beroe, calauria and astarte groups being a case in point.
Nacaduba sericina (Felder)
(i) N. sericina sericina (Felder)
(Text-figs. 12 and 43)
Lycaena sericina Felder, 1865 : 277, pi. 34, figs. 30 and 31, Luzon (Type !). Nacaduba smaragdina Semper, 1890 : 178, pi. 33, fig. 4, Mittel-Luzon.
(ii) N. sericina thaumus Fruhstorfer Nacaduba sericina thaumus Fruhstorfer, 1916 : in, Bazilan and Mindanao.
Nacaduba angusta (Druce)
(i) N. angusta kerriana Distant Nacaduba kerriana Distant, 1886 : 253, Singapore.
(ii) N. angusta albida Riley & Godfrey Nacaduba angusta f. albida Riley & Godfrey, 1925 : 141, pi. 3, fig. 2, Siam (Type !).
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 71
(iii) N. angusta honorifice Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta honorifice Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 42, Nias.
(iv) N. angusta flumena Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta flumena Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, W. Java.
(v) N. angusta angusta (Druce) Cupido angusta Druce, 1873 : 349, pi. 32, fig. 9, Borneo (Type !).
(vi) N. angusta thespia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta thespia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, Banguey (Type !).
(vii) N. angusta limbura Fruhstorfer Nacaduba angusta limbura Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, S. Philippines.
(viii) N. angusta sangira Fruhstorler Nacaduba angusta sangira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 112, Sangir.
(ix) N. angusta azureus (Rober) Plebeius azureus Rober, 1886 : 63, pi. 4, fig. 19, E. Celebes.
(x) N. angusta pamela Grose-Smith
Nacaduba pamela Grose-Smith, 1895 : 508, S. Celebes (Type !). Nacaduba atromarginata Druce, 1902 : 113, pi. ii, figs, i and 2, S. Celebes (Type !).
Nacaduba pactolus (Felder)
(i) N. pactolus ceylonica Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus ceylonica Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Ceylon.
(ii) N. pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus continentalis Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Sikkim.
(iii) N. pactolus hainani Bethune-Baker Nacaduba hainani Bethune-Baker, 1914 : 125, Formosa.
(iv) N. pactolus andamanica Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus andamanica Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Andamans (Type !).
(v) N. pactolus macrophthalma (Felder) Lycaena macrophthalma Felder, 1862 : 483, Pulu Mihu. Nacaduba vajuva varia Evans, 1932 : 241, S. Nicobars (Type !).
(vi) N. pactolus odon Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus odon Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Macromalayana (Type !).
(vii) N. pactolus lycoreia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus lycoreia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 115, Java and Micromalayana (Type !).
(viii) N. pactolus cyaniris (Rober) comb. n. Plebeius cyaniris Rober, 1891 : 315, 1892, pi. 5, fig. 4, Flores.
(ix) N. pactolus neaira Fruhstorfer N acaduba pactolus neaira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 114, Philippines.
(x) N. pactolus pactolides Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pactolus pactolides Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 115, Celebes & Bangaai.
(xi) N. pactolus pactolus (Felder) Lycaena pactolus Felder, 1860 : 456, Amboina (Type !)
(xii) N. pactolus cela Waterhouse & Lyell Nacaduba pactolus cela Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 94, figs. 850 and 851, Darnley Island.
72 G. E. TITE
(xiii) N. pactolus waigeuensis (Joicey & Talbot) Lampides pactolus waigeuensis Joicey & Talbot, 1917 : 221, Waigeu (Type !).
(xiv) N. pactolus antalcidas Fruhstorfer N acaduba pactolus antalcidas Fruhstorfer, 1915 : 146, Central Dutch New Guinea.
(xv) N. pactolus raluana Ribbe N acaduba (Lampides} pactolus raluana Ribbe, 1899 : 231, Neu Pommern, Neu Lauenburg.
Nacaduba pavana (Horsfield) (Text-fig. 4)
(i) N. pavana singapura Corbet Nacaduba pavana singapura Corbet, 1938 : 134, pi. i, figs. 24 and 30, Malay Pen. (Type !).
(ii) N. pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana vajuva Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, Siam (Type !).
(iii) N. pavana pavana (Horsfield) Lycaena pavana Horsfield, 1828 : 77, Java (Type !).
(iv) N. pavana georgi Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana georgi Fruhstorfer, 1916 : in, Ost-Mindanao.
(v) N. pavana visuna Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana visuna Fruhstorfer, 1916 : no, Celebes (Type !).
Nacaduba russelli sp. n.
^Text-figs. 1-3)
Superficially, in both sexes, this recently discovered species is very like N. pavana singapura, and in the description that follows, all comparisons are made with that insect. The male was brought to notice by Colonel J. N. Eliot and its captor Major A. Bedford Russell. A search in the B.M. (N.H.) has produced two specimens which, from external characters, are almost certainly females of the species.
The male upperside is purple with a slight gloss in certain lights, altogether more opaque, and with a much wider blackish margin on all wings. In the female, the blue basal areas of all wings are blue-lavender with a shining blue gloss by refraction ; this is in distinct contrast to the pale grey-green blue of female singapura. In both sexes beneath, as in singapura, there are no basal markings on the fore wing, and the banding consists of two parallel dark lines with a much lighter area between them. The tornal black spot on the hind wing is large ; its enclosing orange lunule is deeper in colour and more extensive, spreading over veins 2 and 3 and well into the adjoining areas. The submarginal spots are lozenge shaped, whereas, those of singapura are dash-like, and are surrounded by a much wider white area, giving the wing margins of that species a much neater appearance. Verification of the identity of the male is furnished by the unique formation of the clasper ; this is of the same general shape as that of N. kurava, but the simple turned over apical portion, to be seen in that species, is replaced by a broad spatulate structure, heavily armed with some seven or eight inwardly directed quill-like points of varying lengths. A few scattered smaller points are present around the bases of the larger ones, especially at the extreme apex.
Holotype $, MALAYA : Upper Gombak River, Ulu Gombak, 14 . vi . 1959 (Major A . Bedford Russell). B.M. Type No. Rh. 16616.
Allotype $, SINGAPORE : Nee Soon, 22.xii.i938 (/. N. Eliot}. B.M. Type No. Rh. 16617.
Paratypes. As holotype, 28. vi. 1959, i $ ; MALAYA : Penang Hill (Adams], i £.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 73
Nacaduba hermus (Felder)
(i) N. hermus sidoma Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana nabo f. sidoma Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, S. India (Type !).
(ii) N. hermus nabo Fmhstorfer Nacaduba pavana nabo Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 108, Assam (Type !).
(iii) N. hermus vicania Corbet Nacaduba hermus major Evans, 1932 : 240, S. Nicobars (Type !), (nom. preocc. by N. berenice
major Rothschild, 1915 : 139). Nacaduba hermus vicania Corbet, 1938 : 133, Nicobars (Type !).
(iv) N. hermus swatipa Corbet Nacaduba hermus swatipa Corbet, 1938 : 132, pi. i, figs. 27 and 35, Malay Pen. (Type !).
(v) N. hermus valvidens Toxopeus Nacaduba nabo valvidens Toxopeus, 1929 : 233, W. Java.
(vi) N. hermus minja Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana minja Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Lombok (Type !).
(vii) N. hermus tairea Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana tairea Fruhstorfer, 1916 : no, Philippines (Type !).
(viii) N. hermus hermus (Felder) Lycaena hermus Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !).
Nacaduba subperusia (Snellen)
(i) N. subperusia lysa Fruhstorfer
Nacaduba pavana lysa Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Sumatra (Type !). Nacaduba intricata Corbet, 1938 : 131, pi. i, fig. 28, Malay Pen. (Type !), <J nee. $. syn. n.
(ii) N. subperusia nadia Eliot Nacaduba subperusia nadia Eliot, 1955 : 155, Nicobar Is. (Type !).
(iii) N. subperusia subperusia (Snellen) Lycaena subperusia Snellen, 1896 : 93, Java.
(iv) N. subperusia paska Eliot Nacaduba subperusia paska Eliot, 1955 : 156, Sula Besi (Type !).
(v) N. subperusia martha Eliot Nacaduba subperusia martha Eliot, 1955 : 156, New Guinea (Type !).
Nacaduba sanaya Fruhstorfer
(i) N. sanaya elioti Corbet
Nacaduba sanaya elioti Corbet, 1938 : 133, pi. i, figs. 25 and 32, Malay Pen. (Type !). Nacaduba sanaya thalia Corbet, 1938 : 134, Borneo (Type !). Nacaduba sanaya elioti (= thalia Corbet), Eliot, 1955 : 157.
(ii) N. sanaya sanaya Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana sanaya Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Nias (Type !).
(iii) N. sanaya naevia Toxopeus Nacaduba sanaya naevia Toxopeus, 1929 : 232, W. Java.
(iv) N. sanaya metallica Fruhstorfer Nacaduba pavana metallica Fruhstorfer, 1916 : no, Celebes (Type !).
74 G. E. TITE
Nacaduba ollyetti Corbet
Nacaduba ollyetti Corbet, 1947 : i, Ceylon (Type !).
Nacaduba asaga Fruhstorfer
(Text-fig. 7) Nacaduba pavana asaga Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 109, Borneo (Type !).
N. asaga has hitherto been treated as conspecific with N. pendleburyi, and N. solta ; from both it is at once distinguished by the more obtuse apex of the fore wing, and by the steel-grey tone of the purple colour on the male upperside ; it is without the wide dark marginal band of pendleburyi. The genitalia are very similar to those of the two species mentioned above, but the clasper has a markedly concave dorsal edge.
Material in B.M. (N.H.). BORNEO : Sintang (Dr. Martin), i <$ (holotype) ; Lawas (A. Everett], 2 <$.
Nacaduba pendleburyi Corbet
In all races, the male is purple-blue above, and the fore wing is margined with black. The dorsal edge of the clasper is only slightly concave, and the turned over portion of the apex is short and blunt.
(i) N. pendleburyi pendleburyi Corbet stat. n. (Text-figs. 5 and 8)
Nacaduba asaga pendleburyi, Corbet, 1938 : 129, pi. i, figs. 26 and 29, Pahang : Eraser's Hill (Type!).
Material in B.M. (N.H.). MALAYA : Pahang, Eraser's Hill, 6 <^, i $ (including holotype and allotype) ; Selangor, Bukit Kutu, i <$, i $ ; Johore, Lombong, i <$, Singapore, i $ ; Malacca, i $. In Col. Eliot's Collection. MALAYA : Pahang, Eraser's Hill, 3 $ ; Johore, Panti, i $ ; Singapore, i $.
(ii) N. pendleburyi penangensis ssp. n. (Text-fig. 6)
On the upperside, the male can be distinguished from the preceding race by the much heavier dark costal and distal margins of the fore wing ; on the hind wing above, by the presence of a complete series of submarginal spots and lunules. The female does not differ above from that sex of the nominate race, but is recognizable beneath by the position of the median striae, which are placed much nearer to the distal margin in both sexes.
Holotype <J, MALAYA : Penang Hill (M. J. V. Miller), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16562. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16563. Other material. As holotype 8 <$ ; Penang (Evans], i <£.
(ii) N. pendleburyi latemarginata ssp. n.
The fore wing is broadly margined above like that of penangensis, but the hind wing is entirely without the submarginal markings so evident in that subspecies, even the tornal spot in cellule 2 is only rendered visible by transparency from the under surface. The median double band of white striae on the fore wing beneath is placed as in penangensis.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUliA
75
Holotype <£, RHIO ARCHIPELAGO: Karimon Is., xii.1937 (/. N. Eliot), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16564.
Paratypes (in Col. Eliot's Collection). Same data, 3 ^.
Nacaduba solta Eliot stat. n. (Text-fig. 9)
Nacaduba intricata Corbet, 1938 : 131, pi. i, fig. 34, Pahang (Type !), $ nee. $, syn. n. Nacaduba asaga solta Eliot, 1955 : 157, Sumatra (Type !). Nacaduba pendleburyi (c) Eliot, 1955 : 157, Malaya.
The male differs from that of pendleburyi by the bronze tinge of the purple ground
FIGS. 1-3. Nacaduba russelli : i, clasper ; 2, aedeagus ; 3, portion of hind wing. FIG. 4. N. pavana : portion of hind wing.
FIGS. 5-6. Nacaduba pendleburyi upperside ; 5, g pendleburyi ; 6, £ penangensis. FIGS. 7—9. ^ clasper : 7, Nacaduba asaga ; 8, N. pendleburvi pendleburyi ; 9, N . solta.
ENTOM. 13, 4
76
G. E. TITE
colour, and by the linear black margins on all wings. Below, both sexes differ by the much straighter upper portion of the median band on the fore wing. The turned- over apex of the male clasper is much longer and more pointed than is that of either of the allied species.
Col. Eliot has made the interesting discovery that whereas both asaga and pendle- buryi males are furnished with androconial scales, no such structures can be found in the males of N. solta, even in really fresh specimens.
Material in B.M. (N.H.). SUMATRA : Siboga, 11.1903, 3 c? (including holotype) ; Sumatra (Hewitson Coll.), i $. MALAYA : Pahang, iii.i92i (Evans), i $ (allotype of intricata Corbet) ; Pahang, Raub, 18^.1937 (J. N. Eliot), i <$ ; Perak, Kedah, xii.igis, i $; Selangor, Bukit Kutu, 17. vi. 1931 (D. M. Pendlebury], i 9- B. N. BORNEO: Mt. Marapok (Adams Coll.], 2 $.
Nacaduba astarte (Butler) (see map)
(i) N. astarte astarte (Butler)
Lampides astarte Butler, 1882 : 150, New Britain (Type !). Nacaduba astarte Druce, 1891 : 359, pi. 32, fig. 10, Solomons.
This race is represented in the B.M. (N.H.) by examples from New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York I., Bougainville, Alu, Tugela, Choiseul, and Fauro.
albescent
5T. MATTHIAS Q ^/ ^
narovona
plumbata The geographical distribution of the races of Nacaduba astarte.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS N ACADUBA 77
(ii) N. astarte albescens ssp. n.
The male differs above from the nominate race by its lighter colour ; it is also smaller, having a fore wing length of only 11-12 mm. The female is altogether brighter, the blue area of the fore wing being shining sky-blue. On the hind wing, the tint is similar, but rather obscured by blackish scaling ; the whitish band between the blue area and the submarginal lunules — though individually variable in width — is always whiter and more prominent. All five examples exhibit a dusky dual spot in areas 4 and 5, just beyond the end of the hind wing cell ; this evidently represents the " oblong blackish spot " mentioned by Butler in his description of astarte. On the underside in both sexes, the basal and median markings are of a decidedly greyish tone, the edges of the median band being sharply outlined with blackish ; the inner edge in turn being bordered with white. Beyond the band, the wing is clear white, only broken by the sharply delineated black submarginal crescents and spots, and by the marginal line.
Holotype <$, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : St. Matthias I. (i° 40' S., 149° 40' E.), vii.i923 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16565.
Allotype $, as holotype, ¥1.1923, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16566. Other material. As allotype, i <$, 4 $.
(iii) N. astarte nissani ssp. n.
Closely allied to the preceding race— both sexes on both surfaces showing considerable resemblance to it — but distinguishable in the following characters : the male is larger, and does not differ from that sex of the nominate subspecies. In the female, the sky-blue areas are somewhat clouded by dark scaling, and the dusky margins of the fore wing are so reduced that the submarginal series of lunules and spots is clearly visible. Beneath, the ground colour is earth-brown, of a lighter tint than that of a. astarte ; on the fore wings, the submarginal lunules appear as a series of isolated crescents on a white ground, and the lower portion of the median band on the hind wings is less sinuous.
Holotype <$, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Nissan I. (4° 30' S., 154° 20' E.), viii-ix.i924 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16567. Allotype ?, same data, B. M. Type No. Rh. 16568. Other material. Same data, 3 <$, 5 £.
(iv) N. astarte plumbata Druce stat. n.
(Text-fig. 10) N acaduba plumbata Druce, 1891 : 359, pi. 31, figs. 3-4.
Examples from Guadalcanar, Malaita and Ulaua show no indication on the underside of the white area beyond the median band, so characteristic of the races so far dealt with ; a series from Florida I. and Tulagi exhibits a range of forms that are, however, transitional in this respect.
(v) N. astarte narovona Grose Smith stat. n. N acaduba narovona Grose Smith, 1897 : 518, Narovo (Type !).
As this insect is of restricted habitat, and the male genitalia offer no distinctive characters, it is best treated as a subspecies of astarte. It can be recognized on the underside by the regular curved median band on the fore wing, and by the angled but not sinuous median band on the hind wing. Besides the type locality, the sub- species is represented in the B.M. (N.H.), by females only, from the neighbouring islands of Vella Lavella, Guizo and Kulambranga.
78 G. E. TITE
Nacaduba ugiensis Druce
Nacaduba ugiensis Druce, 1891 : 360, pi. 31, fig. 5, Ugi (Type !).
Only known in the female, the true affinities of the insect can only be ascertained when examples of the other sex become available. It may possibly prove to be the representative of astarte on Ugi and San Christobal.
Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schaeffer)
(i) N. berenice ormistoni Toxopeus Nacaduba berenice ormistoni Toxopeus, 1927 : 434, Ceylon.
(ii) N. berenice plumbeomicans (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) Lampides plumbeomicans Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1880 : 231, Andamans.
(iii) TV. berenice nicobaricus (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) Lampides plumbeomicans nicobaricus Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1881 : 234, Katschal I.
(iv) N. berenice aphya Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice aphya Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 127, Siam (Type !).
(v) N. berenice icena Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice icena Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 127, Macromalayana (Type !).
(vi) N. berenice aphana Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice aphana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 127, Nias (Type !).
(vii) N. berenice rapara Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice rapara Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 128, Bawean.
(viii) N. berenice zyrthis Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice zyrthis Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 128, Flores, Sumba, and Tana Djampea.
(ix) N. berenice akaba (Druce) comb. n. Cupido akaba Druce, 1873 : 350, Borneo (Type !).
(x) N. berenice zygida Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice zygida Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 128, Philippines (Type !).
(xi) N. berenice maputi (Semper) comb. n. Chilades maputi Semper, 1889 : 170, pi. 32, fig. 26, E. Mindanao.
(xii) N. berenice eliana Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice eliana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 128, Celebes (Type !).
(xiii) N. berenice carnania Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice carnania Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 129, Obi (Type !).
(xiv) N. berenice illuensis (Rober) Plebeius illuensis Rober, 1886 : 64, pi. 4, figs. 30-31, Ceram and Aru.
(xv) N. berenice dobbensis (Rober) Plebeius dobbensis Rober, 1886 : 65, pi. 4, fig. 34 ; pi. 5, fig. 19, Aru.
(xvi) N. berenice apira Fruhstorfer Nacaduba berenice apira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 129, Bismarcks.
(xvii) N. berenice korene Druce Nacaduba korene Druce, 1891 : 361, pi. 31, fig. 8, Aola, Guadalcanar (Type !).
(xviii) N. berenice berenice (Herrich-Schaeffer) Lycaena berenice Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869 : 74, Rockhampton.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 79
Nacaduba sinhala Ormiston
Nacaduba berenice ceylonica Fruhstorfer 1916 : 127, Ceylon (nom preocc. by N. pactolus ceylonica
Fruhstorfer, 1916). Nacaduba sinhala Ormiston, 1924 : 53 and addenda, Ceylon.
Nacaduba cajetani nom. n.
(PL i, fig. 9. Text-figs. 13 and 36)
Nacaduba felderi Rothschild, 1915 : 139, Centr. Ceram (Type !).
Prosotas felderi (Rothschild) Toxopeus, 1930 : 100, nee. Prosotas felderi (Murray) Toxopeus,
1930 : 100. Prosotas parrhasius rothschildi Toxopeus, 1930 : 100, nee. Nacaduba kurava rothschildi Toxopeus,
1927 : 430.
Toxopeus substituted the name rothschildi for N. felderi Rothschild on the grounds that the latter was a homonym of Lycaena felderi Murray ; he quite wrongly supposed felderi Rothschild to be the Bum and Ceram race of Prosotas nora Felder, which species he called Prosotas parrhasius (Fabricius). An elucidation of this problem was obtained from the permanent staff of the International Commission of Zoo- logical Nomenclature, and the above synonymy has been compiled in accordance with this.
The species can be recognized by the presence of a yellow lunule in each of cellules i, 2 and 3, of the hind wing beneath, a state of affairs not found in any other species in the genus. Genitalically it is very closely allied to berenice, but the clasper is shorter and stouter, with fewer but larger teeth on the distal margin. In the B.M. (N.H.) it is represented by specimens from Dutch New Guinea, the islands in Geelvink Bay, Obi, Batchian, Amboina and Ceram.
Nacaduba novaehebridensis Druce (i) N. novaehebridensis novaehebridensis Druce stat. n.
Nacaduba novaehebridensis Druce, 1892 : 438, pi. 27, figs. 7 and 8, Pentecost I. (Type !).
In this and the other two races here discussed, the spots composing the median band on the fore wing underside diminish in size from the hind margin to the costa, whereas those of berenice are of approximately even width throughout the band. Judging from the material in the B.M. (N.H.), the species is rare, but occurs sparsely over quite a wide area, extending from Ceram in the West to the Solomons and New Hebrides in the East. There are no specimens from the New Guinea mainland, but it may well be found there eventually, as a link between Ceram and Vulcan Island would seem probable. The genitalia differ from those of berenice in possessing a distinctly hooked apex to the clasper, and a more prolonged and pointed apex to the aedeagus.
(ii) N. novaehebridensis vulcana ssp. n. (PL i, fig. 4. Text-figs. 14 and 35)
Closely resembles N. berenice, only differing as follows : The male upperside on all wings possesses a bloom like that of a plum, which in certain lights glistens with a greenish reflection. The blue areas on the female fore wing are more restricted, and merge more gradually into the dark distal area. Beneath in both sexes, the colour on all wings is dull brown, in contrast
8o G. E. TITE
to the smooth and slightly shiny surface of berenice ; the pale striae enclosing the spots are more yellowish white. The markings are large, being arranged in the same general pattern as those of the nominate race, but whereas in the latter, the spotting is only slightly darker than the very pale ground colour, that of vulcana contrasts strongly, even on the darker ground.
Holotype <$, NORTH NEW GUINEA : Vulcan Island (3° 45' S., 145° 30' E.), xi.i. 1913-14 (Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16569.
Allotype $, D'ENTRECASTEAUX ISLANDS: Fergusson Island, ix-x.i9i4 (Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16570.
Distribution. Ceram, Amboina, Aru, Vulcan, Fergusson, Goodenough and Bismarck Archipelago. (A single ^ labelled " Alu I., (Sivinhoe Coll.] " is probably so labelled in error.)
(iii) N. novaehebridensis guizoensis ssp. n. (PI- i, ng. 5)
Smaller than the preceding, but otherwise identical on the upper surface of both sexes. Beneath the ground colour is darker ; all the light striae confining the spots are whiter, and those adjoining the submarginal lunules show a strong tendency to merge with those margining the outer edge of the median band, thus producing a whitish distal band in the majority of individuals.
Holotype J, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Guizo Island, xi.i9O3 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16571.
Allotype ?, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16572. Distribution. Choiseul, Isabel and Florida Island.
Nacaduba sumbawa sp. n.
(Text-fig. 27)
Like berenice in appearance, but on the male upperside shining purple, without any trace of blue ; the marginal dark line is hair-like, and the fringes are fuscous. The underside is of a softer more brownish shade, with the bands of spots darker, and without a definite pale stripe running through them ; the median spot in cellule 4 is placed obliquely with its lower extremity jutting outwards in the direction of the distal margin. All the whitish irrorations are indistinct. The female fore wing is shining sky-blue in the lower half of the cell, and the basal portions of cellules i to 4 becoming gradually lighter before merging with the wide costal and distal margins. At approximately 2 mm. from the distal margin in areas i to 4, there is a series of four indistinct pale interneural spots. The hind wing does not differ from that of berenice. Beneath like the male, but the submarginal series of markings are not noticeably darker than the basal and median spots. The male clasper is oval and concave, and the undulate distal margin is furnished with a prominent point at the ventral angle. In general structure, the aedeagus is like that of beroe, but the ventral terminal appendages are triangular in shape, their broad bases being almost half as wide as the length of the appendages.
Holotype <3, " Sumbawa, ix, 1891 (W. Doherty) ", B.M. Type No. Rh. 16614. Allotype $, same data, B.M. type No. Rh. 16615.
Nacaduba kurava (Moore)
(i) N. kurava prominens (Moore) Lampides prominens Moore, 1877 : 341, Ceylon (Type !).
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 81
(ii) TV. kurava canaraica Toxopeus Nacaduba kurava canaraica Toxopeus, 1927 : 424, Karwar. Nacaduba kurava canaraica f. belli Toxopeus, 1927 : 424, Coorg.
(iii) N. kurava euplea Fruhstorfer
Nacaduba perusia euplea Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 132, Sikkim (Type !). Nacaduba kurava euplea f. evansi Toxopeus, 1927 : 424, E. Dawnas (Type !). Nacaduba kurava ataranica Toxopeus, 1927 : 425, Ataran Valley (Type !).
(iv) N. kurava septentrionalis Shirozu Nacaduba kurava septentrionalis Shirozu, 1952 : 22, Japan.
(v) TV. kurava therasia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia therasia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 133, Formosa (Type !).
(vi) N. kurava sambalanga nom. n.
Nacaduba kurava nicobarica Toxopeus, 1927 : 425, Nicobars, nee. Lampides plumbeomicans nicobaricus, Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1881 : 234 - - Nacaduba berenice nicobaricus Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 127.
(vii) N. kurava nemana Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia nemana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 134, Macromalayana (Type !).
(viii) N. kurava mentawica Riley Nacaduba kurava mentawica Riley, 1944 : 259, pi. i, fig. 10, Sipora.
(ix) N. kurava niasica Toxopeus
Nacaduba kurava niasica Toxopeus, 1927 : 426, Nias.
(x) N. kurava kurava (Moore) Lvcaena atratus Cramer ? ; Horsfield, 1828 : 78, nee. Papilio aratus Cramer, 1782, Pap. Exot. 4 :
pi. 365, figs. A and B. Lycaena aratus Moore, 1857 : 22. Lycaena kurava Moore, 1857 : 22, Java (Type !). Nacaduba kurava Toxopeus, 1927 : 423—432.
Nacaduba berenice isana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 128, W. Java (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba perusia agorda Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 134, Java (Type !).
(xi) N. kurava astapa Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia astapa Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 134, Bali (Type !).
(xii) N. kurava baweana Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia baweana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 134, Bawean (Type !).
(xiii) N. kurava laurina Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia laurina Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 135, Lombok (Type !).
(xiv) N. kurava laura Doherty Nacaduba laura Doherty, 1891 : 182, Sumba.
(xv) N. kurava cerbara Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia cerbara Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 135, Key Is.
(xvi) N. kurava parma Waterhouse & Lyell
Nacaduba perusia parma Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 95, figs. 290-293, Cape York. Nacaduba perusia syrias Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 136, Cairns.
(xvii) N. kurava felsina Waterhouse & Lyell stat. n.
Nacaduba perusia felsina, Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 96, Darwin,
82 G. E. TITE
(xviii) N. kurava perusia (Felder) Lycaena perusia Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !). Lycaena niconia Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !).
(xix) N. kurava bandana (Swinhoe) comb. n. Euaspa bandana Swinhoe, 1916 : 210, Banda (Type !).
(xx) N. kurava albofasciata (Rober) Plebeius albofasciatus Rober, 1886 : 65, pi. 4, figs. 21, Aru.
(xxi) N. kurava cyaneira Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia cyaneira Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 136, New Guinea.
(xxii) N. kurava lydia Fruhstorfer
(Text-fig. 19) Nacaduba perusia lydia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 136, Louisiades.
(xxiii) N. kurava pacifica Toxopeus Nacaduba kurava pacifica Toxopeus, 1927 : 431, Goodenough I. (Type !).
(xxiv) N. kurava rothschildi Toxopeus Nacaduba kurava rothschildi Toxopeus, 1927 : 430, St. Aignan (Type !).
(xxv) N. kurava ariitia Fruhstorfer Nacaduba perusia ariitia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137, Bismarcks.
(xxvi) N. kurava euretes Druce stat. n. Nacaduba euretes Druce, 1891 : 360, pi. 31, figs. 6-7, Aola (Type !).
Nacaduba mallicollo Druce (i) N. mallicollo mallicollo Druce stat. n.
(Text-fig. 24) Nacaduba mallicollo Druce, 1892 : 439, New Hebrides (Type !).
Although the original description commences with the male symbol, Druce actually described and figured the female. He followed the description with the casual remark, " The male of this insect in the British Museum is a uniform violaceous blue, with narrow linear brown borders." This specimen is still in the B.M. (N.H.), and the author was quite correct in supposing it to belong to mallicollo. In appearance it is very like those forms of kurava that do not exhibit a white band on the under- side, but the submarginal lunules are large, dark, and each shaped like a capital D, the convex side being always directed outwardly. The male genitalia are of the same general pattern as those of kurava, but the claspers are shorter with only seven or eight teeth on their distal edge ; the hooked apex is much compressed, and is produced to an inwardly directed sharp point.
The material in the B.M. (N.H.) is as follows. NEW HEBRIDES : Mallicollo I. (Woodford), 4 $; Tanna, 23.^.1875, 1^,1$; lies Vati, Mallicollo, et Santo, 1914 (/. Kowalski), i $.
(ii) N. mallicollo markira ssp. n. (PI. i, figs. 1-2)
The male above is purple with a slaty tinge, and all the wings are margined by a definite black line. On the hind wing, this is bordered inwardly by white interneural streaks which
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 83
become progressively finer as they approach the apex ; the submarginal lunules are visible mainly by transparency. Beneath, the white banding is very wide, the submarginal markings are larger and darker, and the median band of spots approaches much nearer to the margin than in the nominate race. The hind wing tornal spot is large. The female has an almost white ground colour on all wings beneath ; on this ground, the spotting is represented in outline only by a series of pale brown parallel lines. The white areas above are more extended, and less heavily overlaid with blue, than in the New Hebridean female. Length of fore wing : <J 14 mm., § 12 mm.
Holotype <J, SOLOMON ISLANDS: S. Christoval, Markira Harbour, 1-9. v. 1908 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16573.
Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16574.
Other material. SOLOMON ISLANDS: as holotype, i £ ; Vella Lavella, 11.1908 (A. S. Meek), i $ ; St. Anna (Woodford), I ?.
(iii) N. mallicollo biakana ssp. n.
The male is larger than that of the foregoing, the fore wing attaining a length of 17 mm. In colour it is deep purple on all wings, and it shows only the slightest indication of a thread- like marginal line. On the underside, the white banding and the submarginal lunules are like those of the nominate race.
Holotype <$, SCHOUTEN ISLANDS: Biak, vi.i9i4 (A., C., and F. Pratt) B.M. Type No. Rh. 16575.
Nacaduba mioswara sp. n.
(PL i, fig. 3. Text-figs, ii and 44)
All wings above are smoky purple with a linear dark margin, this is bordered inwardly on the hind wing by a whitish line, which is wide at the tornus but narrows as it approaches the apex. The tornal spot in area 2 is in some examples joined by spots in areas i and 3. On the underside, the discal spotting is scarcely darker than the grey-brown ground, but it is made quite evident by the fine but clear white reticulations ; all the submarginal markings are decidedly darker grey-brown, and the spots in areas i and 2 are black with some metallic scaling, and crowned with golden yellow. The male genitalia provide the surest means of identification ; the clasper has an excised and irregular distal margin, and a produced hood- like apical portion with three inwardly directed points. The aedeagus is short and stout and terminates ventrally with a rather blunt point.
Holotype <J, NORTH NEW GUINEA : Geelvink Bay, Mioswar, x . 1909 (C. and F. Pratt), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16576.
Other material. As holotype, ix-x.igog, 12 £ ; BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New Hanover, ii-iii.i897 (Webster), i $ ; New Hanover, ii.1923 (A. S. Meek), i <$.
Nacaduba lucana sp. n.
(PL i, figs. 6, 7 and 8. Text-figs. 20 and 31)
The male upperside is violaceous blue with linear dark margins on all wings, and indications of submarginal black spots in areas i and 2 of the hind wings. On all wings in the female, the basal portions are shining blue — similar in tint to that of the male Polyommatus eros ; the costa, the upper half of the discoidal cell, the apex, and the distal parts of areas i to 3, on the fore wing are fuscous ; the blue area on the hind wing is restricted to the cell and the basal portions of areas i to 3, and gradually merges with the fuscous remainder of the wing ; all the submarginal markings are outlined with chalky white. Beneath the ground colour is earth-
ENTOM. 13, 4 7§§
84 G. E. TITE
brown in both sexes, the discal and basal spots being formed by pairs of parallel, externally white margined, dark lines, the intervals between these lines being of a lighter shade than the ground. The submarginal markings are blackish-brown sharply margined with white, and the hind wing black tornal spot is completely encircled with golden-yellow, even on its distal edge ; this peculiarity occurs throughout the series, and has not been observed in any other species in the genus. The male clasper is produced apically to form a prong-like structure, with two inwardly directed points on its ventral edge ; a ventral view of the claspers creates an impression of the head structure of the Stag Beetle (Lucanus cervus). The aedeagus is large as compared with the clasper ; it widens progressively from the base, and terminates ventrally with a pair of projecting pointed appendages.
Holotype $, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : Witu (or French Is.) (5° o' S., 149° 15' E.), vi.i925 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16577. Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16578. Other material. As holotype, 8 $, 9 $ ; New Hanover, 11.1923 (A 5. Meek], I $.
Nacaduba beroe (Felder)
(1) N. beroe minima Toxopeus Nacaduba beroe minima Toxopeus, 1927 : 433, Kandy.
(11) N. beroe gythion Fruhstorfer Nacaduba atrata gythion Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 131, Assam (Type !).
(ill) N. beroe asakusa Fruhstorfer Nacaduba atrata asakusa Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 132, Formosa (Type !).
(iv) N. beroe neon Fruhstorfer Nacaduba atrata neon Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 131, NE. Sumatra (Type !).
(v) N. beroe jedja Fruhstorfer Nacaduba atrata jedja Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 131, Nias (Type !).
(vi) JV. beroe javana Toxopeus Nacaduba beroe javana Toxopeus, 1927 : 433, W. Java.
(vii) N. beroe bimaculosa Toxopeus Nacaduba beroe bimaculosa Toxopeus, 1929 : 234, E. Java.
(viii) N. beroe beroe (Felder)
(Text-figs. 16 and 30) Lycaena beroe Felder, 1865 : 275, Luzon (Type !).
Nacaduba major Rothschild stat. n.
(Text-figs. 15 and 32) Nacaduba berenice major Rothschild, 1915 : 139, N. Ceram (Type !).
There are in the B.M. (N.H.) examples of both N. beroe and N. major that were captured in Central Ceram by the Pratt brothers ; from this it would seem that — in spite of genitalic and other similarities — they should not be treated as subspecies, but as distinct species ; especially so, when one considers the close genitalic relation- ship of both species with the superficially very different N. ruficirca — to be described below — which occurs with major in New Guinea.
Compared with beroe : the male is slightly larger (fore wing length 16 mm.), with a rather more pointed apex to the fore wing ; the underside ground is darker, and all the pale striations
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 85
are whiter and more widely spaced. In beroe the extremities of the tornal orange lunule on the hind wing are continued down veins 2 and 3 as far as the margin, whereas those of major terminate at least i mm. from the margin. The male genitalia differ by the greater length of the clasper, its deeply concave dorsal edge, and the more numerous inwardly directed apical points ; these points number 6 to 8, but are difficult to count as they are so bunched together that they are never all in view at the same time.
Material in B.M. (N.H.). CERAM : Wahai (E. Streseman), i $ (holotype) ; Manu- sela, 6,000 ft., x-xi.igig (C., F. and J. Pratt], i $. NEW GUINEA : Arfak, Mt. Siwi, 800 m., 1928 (E.Mayr), 5 $; Mafulu, 4,000 ft., 1.1934 (L. E. Cheesman), i <£; Kapaur, xii.i896 (Doherty), i $ ; Upper Aroa River (Meek), 3 <$ ; Hydrographer Mts., 2,500 ft., 1918 (Eichhorn Bros.), 8 <$. BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO : New Britain, Talesea, ii-iii.i925 (A. F. Eichhorn), 2 $.
Nacaduba ruficirca sp. n.
(PI. i, figs. 19-20. Text-figs. 17 and 33)
Length of fore wing in both sexes : 13-14 mm. The wings of the male are narrow, the fore wing apex pointed, and the hind wing bears a short tail. Above, all wings are reddish purple, and show by refraction a frosty sheen ; the submarginal areas are slightly clouded by a scattering of dusky scales, which serves to blend the purple into the dusky marginal line. On the hind wing, the dark spot in cellule 2 is often accompanied by lesser spots in cellules i and 3, those in i and 2 being bordered outwardly by a pale stripe. Beneath the predominant colour is warm brown, the fine striations being off-white in colour. The hind wing tornal orange markings are of a more reddish hue than are those of any other member of the genus. In the female, the costal and distal margins of the primaries are widely dusky brown, the remainder of the wing being lavender-blue ; which colour extends from the base, through the lower half of the cell to the inner third of area 4, between veins 2 and 3 to within 3 mm. of the margin, and below vein 2 to within 2 mm. of the margin. The secondaries are dusky brown from the costa to vein 6 ; below this, the basal and discal areas are lavender-blue somewhat obscured by dusky scaling, and veins i to 4 are heavily scaled with fuscous ; the very distinct marginal and submarginal markings are present in all areas below vein 6 ; the spots are sharply outlined with white, and the lunules are acutely pointed inwardly. The male genitalia closely resemble those of the two preceding species ; the clasper is short like that of beroe, but its apical points are bunched like those of major, and set at a rather more obtuse angle.
Holotype <?, BRITISH NEW GUINEA: Hydrographer Mts., 2,500 ft., iv-v.igiS (Eichhorn Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16579
Allotype <j>, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16580.
Other material. NEW GUINEA : as holotype, 4 $ ; Aroa River (Meek], n <$ ; Mambare R., Biagi, 5,000 ft., i-iii.i9o6 [Meek], 5 <$ ; Arfak, Mt. Siwi, 800 m., iv-vi. 1928 (E. Mayr), 23 £ ; Arfak, Ditschi, v-vi. 1928 (E. Mayr), i $ ; Kratke Mts., Buntibasa Distr., 4-5,000 ft., vi.ig32 (F.Shaw-Mayer), i $ ; Wandammen Mts., 3-4,000 ft., xi.i9i4 (Pratt Bros.), 2 $ ; Arfak, Angi Lakes, 8,000 ft., i-ii.i9i4 (Pratt Bros.) , i $ ; 2 days N. of Fak Fak, 1,700 ft., xi.i907 (A. E. Pratt), i <$ ; Weyland Mts., 3,500 ft., vi.i920 (A. E. Pratt), I <$ ; Snow Mts., Near Oetakwa River, up to 3,500 ft., x-xii.i9io (Meek], i $ ; Snow Mts., Utakwa R., 4-6,000 ft., xii-i . 1912-13 (A. F. R. Wollaston), i £.
86 G. E. TITE
Nacaduba calauria (Felder)
(i) N. calauria evansi Toxopeus Nacaduba calauria evansi Toxopeus, 1927 : 434, Ceylon. Nacaduba calauria toxopeusi Corbet, 1938 : 138, Ceylon, syn. n.
Corbet proposed the name toxopeusi for the Ceylon race on the grounds that evansi Toxopeus was a primary homonym of N. kurava euplea d.s.f. evansi Toxopeus 1927 : 424, but as the latter was described as a mere form, the name has no standing in nomenclature, and N. calauria evansi Toxopeus can stand as the valid name.
(ii) N. calauria malayica Corbet Nacaduba calauria malayica Corbet, 1938 : 137, pi. i, figs. 4 and 33, Malay Pen. (Type !).
(iii) N. calauria cypria Toxopeus Nacaduba calauria cypria Toxopeus, 1929 : 234, W. Java.
(iv) N. calauria calauria (Felder)
(Text-figs. 25 and 38) Lycaena calauria Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !).
Nacaduba tristis Rothschild
(Text-figs. 26 and 37) Nacaduba tristis Rothschild, 1915 : 29, Utakwa River (Type !).
This species has been treated as a subspecies of AT", berenice by various authors, but examination of the male genitalia of the type reveals a close relationship with N. calauria. The last named species is found from Ceylon, through Malaya and the Sunda Islands to the Moluccas, Dutch New Guinea and New Britain ; while tristis occurs in Obi, Ceram, and New Guinea. The ranges of the two species overlap in Ceram, Dutch New Guinea and the Schouten Islands. These two species are indis- tinguishable above, and the only differential character in tristis below is the outward displacement of median spot 5 on the fore wing, which gives the median band a distinctly angled effect. The male armatures are structurally similar, but the tristis clasper is smaller, the distal teeth larger in proportion and more pointed ; the dorsal margin is more strongly convex. In the aedeagus the vesical cornuti — so obvious in all preparations of calauria examined — cannot be discerned.
Nacaduba glauconia (Snellen) (Text-figs. 21 and 34)
(i) N. glauconia glauconia (Snellen) Lycaena glauca Snellen, 1892 : 142, Java. Lycaena glauconia Snellen, 1901 : 264, n. n. for Lycaena glauca.
(ii) N. glauconia overdijkinki Toxopeus Nacaduba glauconia overdijkinki Toxopeus, 1929 : 236, E. Java.
Nacaduba dyopa (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Text-figs. 29 and 39)
Lycaena dyopa Herrich-Schaffer, 1869 : 75, Overlau.
Catochrysops vitiensis Butler, 1883 : 389, Viti Island (Type !), syn. n.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 87
Nacaduba gemmata Druce, 1887 : 204, Fiji Is. (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba vitiensis Druce, 1892 : 437. Nacaduba gemmata Druce, 1892 : 437. Nacaduba dyopa Druce, 1892 : 437.
Druce pointed out that gemmata was a synonym of vitiensis Butler, and suggested that the latter might prove to be synonymic with dyopa. Careful study of Herrich- Schaeffer's description and Butler's type makes the suggestion a certainty. In addition to 18 <$ and 13 $ from Fiji, there are in the B.M. I <£ from New Hebrides, i c? and 4 $ from Tonga and I $ and I $ from Samoa.
Nacaduba samoensis Druce (Text-figs. 23 and 40)
Nacaduba samoensis Druce, 1892 : 437, pi. 27, figs. 5-6, Samoa (Type !). Nacaduba vitiensis samoensis Hopkins, 1927 : 56 (part).
On the evidence of the male genitalia, there is no doubt that this is a distinct species, despite its close superficial resemblance to dyopa. The elongate clasper bends outwards in sweeping curves to its cup-shaped apex, which is produced inwardly to terminate in a curved point. The aedeagus is curved and somewhat narrowed before the apex ; an unusual feature is the presence of two sabre-like structures — one on each side of the organ — which commence near the base and curve gently downwards, protruding ventrally at about three-quarter the penis length ; they may be extensions of the anellus. Druce has well described the external points of difference with dyopa. Evidently the two species occur together in Samoa, and the presence of four examples of samoensis from Fiji in the B.M. (N.H.) suggests that further collecting might reveal its presence in other Pacific islands.
Material in B.M. (N.H.) : SAMOA : (G. F. Mathew), i $ (holotype) ; Upolu, Apia, g.vii.1922 (J. S. Armstrong), 2 <$, 2 $ ; FIJI : Suva, 1895 (Woodford), i $ ; Ovalau (Mus. Godeffroy, ex. Felder Coll.), i $.
Nacaduba deplorans (Butler)
(Text-figs. 22 and 41) Lampides deplorans Butler, 1875 : 614, Loyalty Islands (Type !).
Nacaduba deliana (Snellen)
Lycaena deliana Snellen, 1892 : 139, Java.
Lycaena deliana Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 51, pi. 22, fig. 70.
As no specimens are available for study this name is tentatively placed here.
Nacaduba biocellata (Felder)
Although this species bears a close resemblance to some members of the genus Prosotas, the very distinctive shape of the male clasper indicates no close relation- ship ; so for the purpose of this paper the species is retained in Nacaduba.
(i) N. biocellata biocellata (Felder) (Text-figs. 28 and 42)
88 G. E. TITE
Lycaena biocellata Felder, 1865 : 280, pi. 35, fig. 14, Adelaide (Type !).
(ii) N. biocellata armillata (Butler) Lampides armillata Butler, 1875 : 614, Vat6 (Type !).
(iii) N. biocellata baliensis ssp. n.
Smaller than the nominate race, the male fore wing only attaining a length of from 8 to 10 mm. All wings are smoky purple above as in ssp. armillata, and are never clear purple as in Australian examples. The brown marginal band is just over i mm. in width, noticeably wider than in either of the other races. In the female the ground colour is unicolorous brown without any blue scaling whatever. The underside exhibits no differential characters. Presence in the B.M. (N.H.) of single specimens from Sumba & Kisser would suggest that this race may have been overlooked by collectors and may occur over a wide area in the Sunda Islands.
Holotype <£, W. BALI: Gilmanoek, ¥.1935 (/. P. A. Kalis], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16581.
Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16582.
Other material. As holotype, 16 <$, 2 $ ; LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS : Sumba, (W. Doherty), i $ ; Kisser I. (Kuhn), i <$.
Nacaduba nebulosa Druce
Nacaduba nebulosa Druce, 1892 : 440, pi. 27, figs. 10-11, New Hebrides (Type !).
This species is represented in the B.M. (N.H.) by the male holotype (without an abdomen), the female allotype and four other females, all from New Hebrides. It is therefore not possible to come to a decision regarding its true affinities.
Nacaduba cladara Holland
Nacaduba cladara Holland, 1900 : 73, Buru.
Nacaduba glenis Holland
Nacaduba glenis Holland, 1900 : 74, Buru.
The above two names are appended here, as it has not been possible to identify either of them from the descriptions.
PR O SOT AS Druce
Prosotas Druce, 1891 : 366, pi. 31, fig. 15, Type species : Prosotas caliginosa Druce. Prosotas Druce ; Toxopeus, 1929 : 237.
The genus as described by Druce was monotypical, and characterized by the almost complete anastomosis of the costal and first subcostal nervures. Toxopeus quoted this character, but included in the genus several species in which these
FIG. 10. (J genital armature, Nacaduba astarte plumbata.
FIGS. 11-29. c? clasper : n, Nacaduba mioswara ; 12, N. sericina ; 13, N. cajetani ; 14, N.
novaehebridensis vulcana ; 15, N. major ; 16, AT", beroe ; 17, N. ruficirca ; 18, Petrelaea
dana ; 19, N. kurava lydia ; 20, N. lucana ; 21, AT", glauconia ; 22, AT", deplorans ;
23, AT", samoensis ; 24, AT", mallicollo ; 25, N. calauria ; 26, N. tristis ; 27, AT", sumbawa ;
28, AT", biocellata ; 29, AT", dyopa.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA
89
15
25
go G. E. TITE
nervures are joined for a short distance, then separate and reach the costa inde- pendantly as in true Nacaduba. Without denuding the wings it is, in some cases, difficult to observe the final course of the costal nervure, and this may explain his apparent failure to notice the inconsistency. However, the same author points out differences in the palpi, the general habit of life, and the uniform formation of the male claspers of all the species concerned. It would therefore seem that we are dealing here with a natural group of related species, and it is intended to follow Toxopeus and include under Prosotas ah1 those species having simple claspers terminating in a pointed hook (Text-figs. 46-52, 54-60, 62 and 63), , and an aedeagus with a truncate branch-like process arising ventrally from just below the apex (Text-figs. 53 and 61).
Prosotas aluta (Druce)
(i) P. aluta coelestis (Wood-Mason & de Niceville) (Text-fig. 46)
Nacaduba coelestis Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886 : 366, pi. 17, fig. n, Andamans. Nacaduba aluta coelestis Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119.
(ii) P. aluta nanda (de Niceville)
Nacaduba nanda de Niceville, 1895 : 34, pi. S, fig. 23, NE. Sumatra. Nacaduba aluta nanda Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119.
(iii) P. aluta lessina (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta lessina Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119, Nias (Type !).
(iv) P. aluta aluta (Druce) Cupido aluta Druce, 1873 : 349, pi. 32, fig. 8, Borneo (Type !).
(v) P. aluta philiata (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta philiata Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 119, Philippines (Type !).
(vi) P. aluta alutina (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba aluta alutina Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 120, N. Celebes (Type !).
Prosotas nelides (de Niceville)
(Text-fig. 47) Nacaduba nelides de Niceville, 1895 : 280, pi. O, fig. 24, NE. Sumatra (Type !).
Prosotas nora (Felder)
(i) P. nora ardates (Moore)
(Text-figs. 48 and 53)
Lycaena ardates Moore, 1874 : 574, pi. 67, fig. i, Cashmere (Type !). Nacaduba kodi Evans, 1910 : 387, Palni Hills (Type !).
FIGS. 30-45. $ aedeagus : 30, Nacaduba beroe ; 31, N. lucana ; 32, N. major ; 33, N.
ruficirca ; 34, N. glauconia ; 35, N. novaehebridensis vulcana ; 36, N. cajetani ; 37, N.
tristis ; 38^ N. calauria ; 39, N. dyopa ; 40, N. samoensis ; 41, N. deplorans ; 42, N. biocellata ; 43, N. sericina ; 44, N. mioswara ; 45, Petrelaea dana.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA
32
35
37
38
40
42
43
45
92 G. E. TITE
(ii) P. norafulva (Evans) comb, n Nacaduba dubiosa fulva Evans, 1925 : 613, Andamans (Type !).
The type is a female in poor condition, without an abdomen, and the margins are so damaged that no indication of a tail at vein 2 of the hind wing is discernible. Comparison with the Andamanese specimens in the B.M. (N.H.) reveals without doubt that it really belongs to P. nora. P. dubiosa is represented in the B.M., from the Andamans, by only one male and four females, and these are not noticeably different from Indian examples of that species.
(iii) P. nora dilata (Evans) Nacaduba nora dilata Evans, 1932 : 243, Nicobars (Type !).
(iv) P. nora formosana (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora formosana Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 116, Formosa (Type !).
(v) P. nora superdates (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora donina f. superdates, Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 117, Java (Type !).
(vi) P. nora kupu (Kheil) Plebeius kupu Kheil, 1884 : 29, pi. 5, fig. 34, Nias.
(Type ? A specimen from the Fruhstorfer collection in the B.M. (N.H.) is labelled in Fruhstorfer's writing as the type).
(vii) P. nora meraha (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora meraha Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 117, Engano (Type !).
(viii) P. nora semperi (Fruhstorfer) Nacaduba nora semperi Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 116, S. Philippines (Type !).
(ix) P. nora nora (Felder) Lycaena nora Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !).
(x) P. nora auletes (Waterhouse & Lyell) Nacaduba nora auletes Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 98, figs. 353-355, Cape York.
Prosotas atra sp. n.
(PI. i, figs. lo-n. Text-fig. 49)
The upper surface of the male is unicoloured dull sooty brown, and the cilia are grey-brown with a darker line running through them. In size and shape the insect is very like P. nora. On the under surface the pattern is similar to that of nora, but the median band on the fore wing is moved slightly inwards and the submarginal lunules are very faint ; this gives the outer portion of the wing a rather bare appearance. On the hind wing, besides the metallic flecked black tornal spot, there are a pair of smaller metallic spots in area i, and a single one in area 3, all are margined internally by sandy-yellow chevrons. The female is above paler brown, with just a hint of olive in its composition, its only markings being a series of blackish submarginal spots on the hind wing, sharply outlined in bluish white. On the underside it is like the male, but the ground is more pale yellow-brown, and the bands are rather narrower.
Holotype $, NEW BRITAIN : Talesea, m-iv.i925 (A. F. Eichhorn], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16583.
Allotype $, as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16584.
Other material. NEW BRITAIN : as holotype, 6 <$. NEW GUINEA : Kumusi R., (A. S. Meek), 3 $ ; Milne Bay, xi.iSgS (A. S. Meek], i $ ; Dorey Bay,
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 93
Andai, 1892 (W. Doherty), I <$ ; Geelvink Bay, Wandesi, 1892 (W. Doherty), I <$. CERAM : Piroe, 4.11.1909 (J. C. Kershaw), i <$.
Prosotas talesea sp. n.
(PI. i, figs 12-13. Text-fig 50)
Apart from a rather stronger dark marginal line, the upperside of the male scarcely differs from that surface in P. nova. The female also closely resembles the nova female from the Bismark Archipelago. Beneath, both sexes can be easily recognized by the warm brown colour, the prominent marginal and submarginal markings, and by the creamy yellow band that traverses the hind wing, filling the entire area between the median band and the submarginal lunules. The male clasper is broad at the base, diminishing evenly in width and proceeding in a regular curve to a fine pointed apex.
Holotype <$, NEW BRITAIN : Talesea, 11.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16585.
Allotype $, as holotype, iii-vi.i925, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16586. Other material. As holotype, ii-iii, 1925, 6 $.
Prosotas papuana sp. n.
(PI. i, figs. 14-15. Text-fig. 51)
This is another species having a strong resemblance in appearance and size to P. nora. It differs in the shape of the male clasper which is similar to that of P. pia. In contrast to nora, the male is of a distinctly more reddish-purple tint, with a heavier dark marginal line on all wings. On the hind wing, the tornal black spot in area 2, and the bifid spot in area i, are evident above, and both are margined distally with a fine white line. The female is dark brown above, in contrast to the greyish fuscous hue of nora ; the blue area on the fore wing is reduced to a few scattered blue scales in the centre of the wing. On the hind wing the submarginal series of spots are encircled by dingy pale lunules, and so are less obvious than those of nora, which has clearly defined white ones. The under surface in both sexes is clear light brown, without the yellow and grey tints of nora ; its markings are similar to those of that species, but the orange tornal crescent is replaced by a bright red one.
Holotype <$, BRITISH NEW GUINEA: Hydrographer Mts., 2,500 ft., iv-v.igiS (Eichhorn Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16587.
Allotype ?, data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16588.
Other material. NEW GUINEA : as holotype, i-v.igiS, 12 ^, 2 $ ; Welsh River (Weiske), i <$ ; Upper Aroa R. (Meek], i $ ; Ninay Valley, 1908-09 (A. E. Pratt], 2 cT i Weyland Mts., 3,500 ft., vi.i920 (Pratt Bros.}, i <$ ; Arfak Mts., Angi Lakes, 6,000 ft. (Pratt Bros.), i <$ ; Kratke Mts., Buntibasa, 4-5,000 ft., v.1932 (F. Shaw- Mayer], 5 <J ; Snow Mts., Nr. Oetakwa R., up to 3,500 ft., x-xii.igio (Meek], i $>.
Prosotas felderi (Murray) (Text-fig. 52)
Lycaena felderi Murray, 1874 : 527, Queensland. Lycaena mackayensis Miskin, 1890 : 35, Mackay.
94 G. E. TITE
Prosotas pia Toxopeus
Examination of the male genitalia reveals that although P. pia so closely resembles P. nora superficially, it must be regarded as a distinct species ; its short and broad clasper at once identifies the insect. Additional evidence is now provided by the discovery of the extra- Javan races listed below.
(i) P. pia marginata ssp. n. (PI. i, figs. 16-17)
In the early stages of preparation for this work, a letter was received from Col. J. N. Eliot in which he described in his series of nora a male, taken by himself in Sikkim, which he felt sure was an undescribed species. Investigation of the material in the B.M. (N.H.) elicited the surprising fact that a race of pia occurs together with nora over a large range extending from Sikkim and Assam to Burma, of which Col. Eliot's insect is an example.
It differs from nora as follows : the male ground colour is of a more slate-blue tint ; the dusky margins are wider, in some examples approaching a width of i mm. ; the female is indistinguishable above from that sex of nora. Beneath, both sexes are variable but always lighter in colour, with the much darker markings contrasting strongly ; the spot below the fore wing cell centre is usually reduced. A considerable degree of individual variation is dis- cernible, extreme dry season males being paler, almost lilac above, and having a much simplified pattern on a lighter ground beneath. In doubtful cases the male genitalia furnish a sure guide.
Holotype <£, ASSAM : Naga Hills, Kirbari, 10-24. vii. 1912 (Tytler}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16589.
Allotype $, ASSAM: Manipur, Imphal, 21. v. 1911 (Tytler}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16590.
Other material. Numerous localities in Sikkim, Assam and Burma, 102 <$, 19 $.
(ii) P. pia pia Toxopeus (PI. i, fig. 18., pi. 2, fig. 9 Text-fig. 55)
Prosotas pia Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, W. Java (Paratypes !).
Specimens from Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo are not separable from those of Java.
(iii) P. pia elioti ssp. n.
The male is deep purple on the upperside, deeper in tint than either of the preceding sub- species ; this colour has a brownish tinge in certain lights ; the dark marginal line is thread- like. The bases of the wings are somewhat darkened but bear a thin scattering of blue scales. The underside is dull earth-brown ; its marginal markings are evanescent, while the brown bands and spots on the remainder of the wings are emphasized by parallel darker lines which are outwardly margined with fine white lines. Whereas the female of nora from Celebes is normally completely black-brown above, and of a decidedly yellow tone beneath, that sex of elioti exhibits a greenish-blue patch in the centre of the fore wing and a pale olive-brown underside.
This race is described from three specimens generously presented to the B.M. (N.H.) by its discoverer Col. J. N. Eliot.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 95
Holotype <$, S. CELEBES : Malino, 3,000 ft., 14.^.1937 (J. N. Eliot), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16591.
Allotype $ data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16592. Other material. As holotype, I $.
(iv) P. pia ceramensis ssp. n. Prosotas parrhasius (nora) rothschildi Toxopeus (misidentification), 1930 : 100, Ceram.
The male upperside differs from that of nora by the presence of a nebulous dark marginal band of up to i mm. in width on all wings. Dusky tornal spots, each accompanied externally by a pale interneural stripe, are vaguely observable on the hind wing. Beneath the colour is greyish, and the submarginal markings are evanescent as in pia and elioti. The female can best be distinguished from that sex of nora by its brown underside, which is in distinct contrast to the bright yellow one of Ceram examples of that species.
This is the insect confused by Toxopeus with Nacaduba felderi Rothschild, and renamed by him rothschildi. The latter name is discussed under N. cajetani (see
P- 79)-
Holotype $, CERAM : Manusela, 650 m., 1912 (E. Stresemann], B.M. Type No.
Rh. 16593.
Allotype $, CERAM : Manusela, 6,000 ft., x-xii.igig (Pratt Bros.), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16594.
Other material. As holotype, 8 <$ ; as allotype, 3 $, 4 $ ; Ceram I., x-x (W. Stalker), 3 £.
Prosotas ella Toxopeus
(Text-fig. 56) Prosotas ella Toxopeus, 1930 : 188, Palu, Centr. Celebes.
Prosotas norina Toxopeus
Prosotas norina Toxopeus, 1929 : 239, Java.
It has not been possible to identify any specimen of this species, and the name is placed here provisionally.
Prosotas bhutea (de Niceville) (Text-fig. 57)
Nacaduba bhutea de Niceville, 1883 : 72, pi. i, fig. 13, Sikkim.
Prosotas datarica (Snellen) (Text-fig. 58)
Lycaena datarica Snellen, 1892 : 140, Java.
Lycaena datarica Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 42, pi. 21, figs. 5ja-b.
Prosotas subardates Toxopeus, 1929 : 242, Java.
96 G. E. TITE
Prosotas gracilis (Rober) (i) P. gracilis ni (de Nivecille)
(Text-fig. 59)
Nacaduba ni de Niceville, 1902 : 247, NE. Sumatra. ? Nacaduba basiatrata Strand, 1910 : 203, Sumatra, syn. n.
(ii) P. gracilis donina (Snellen) Lycaena donina Snellen, 1901 : 262, W. Java.
(iii) P. gracilis gracilis (Rober) Plebeius gracilis Rober, 1886 : 67, pi. 5, fig. i, Ceram. Nacaduba gerydomaculata Rothschild, 1915 : 139, Central Ceram (Type !), syn. n.
(iv) P. gracilis saturatior (Rothschild) stat. n. Nacaduba saturatior Rothschild, 1915 : 393, Dampier I. (Type !).
Prosotas elsa (Grose Smith)
(Text-figs. 60 and 61) Nacaduba elsa Grose Smith, 1895 : 509, Amboina (Type !).
Prosotas dubiosa (Semper)
(i) P. dubiosa indica (Evans)
(Text-figs. 53 and 54) Nacaduba dubiosa indica Evans, 1925 : 613, Ceylon (Type 1).
(ii) P. dubiosa lumpura (Corbet) Nacaduba dubiosa lumpura Corbet, 1938 : 141, Malay Pen. (Type !).
(iii) P. dubiosa subardates (Piepers & Snellen) Lycaena ardates subardates Piepers & Snellen, 1918 : 43, Java. Prosotas dubiosa roepkei Toxopeus, 1929 : 242, Java (syn. n.). Prosotas hybrida Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, Java (syn. n.).
The name subardates although somewhat fortuitously included in the literature must stand, and can only apply to the insect figured by Piepers & Snellen (1918, pi. xxi, fig. 58). Toxopeus (1929 : 242) used the name incorrectly for an insect that is most probably datarica Snellen.
(iv) P. dubiosa eborata ssp. n. (PI. 2, figs. 10-11)
This Solomon Islands race is in both sexes identical above with specimens from the New Guinea mainland ; beneath, it can be readily recognized by the presence of a wide ivory coloured band on the hind wing which fills the whole of the area between the median band and the submarginal series of lunules. The submarginal spots on this wing are also surrounded by the same pale colour, but in other respects the underside of all wings conforms to the normal dubiosa pattern.
Holotype $, SOLOMON ISLANDS : N. side of Choiseul I., xii.1903 (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16595.
Allotype <j>. Data as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16596.
Other material. SOLOMON ISLANDS: as holotype, 3 <$ ; Isabel I., vi-viii.igoi (A. S. Meek], 6 <$ ; Bougainville, vi.i9O4 (A. S. Meek), i <$ ; Gela, i $ ; Guizo,
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 97
(A. S. Meek), 2 ?; Guadalcanal, Lunga, 28.11.1935 (R. A. Lever), i ?; Nissan I., viii.1924 (A. F. Eichhorn), I <$.
(v) P. dubiosa dubiosa (Semper) Lampides dubiosa Semper, 1879 : 159, Queensland (Type !).
Prosotas caliginosa Druce
(Text-fig. 63) Prosotas caliginosa Druce, 1891 : 366, pi. 31, fig. 15, Alu I. (Type !).
Prosotas lutea (Martin)
(i) P. lutea sivoka (Evans) Nacaduba sivoka Evans, 1910 : 427, Teesta Valley (Type !).
(11) P. lutea lutea (Martin) Nacaduba lutea Martin, 1895 : i, NE. Sumatra (Type !).
Prosotas noreia (Felder) (i) P. noreia noreia (Felder)
(Text-fig. 62) Lycaena noreia Felder, 1868 : 282, Ceylon.
(ii) P. noreia hampsonii (de Niceville)
Nacaduba hampsonii de Niceville, 1885 : 118, pi. 2, fig. 13, Ootacamund. Lycaenesthes emolus topa Evans, 1912 : 986, Palni Hills (Type !).
(iii) P. noreia cyclops Toxopeus Prosotas noreia cyclops Toxopeus, 1929 : 241, Java.
PARADUBA Bethune-Baker
Paraduba Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 103. Type-species : Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker.
Bethune-Baker distinguished this genus from Nacaduba by certain characters of the fore wing venation. Careful examination of the series of P. owgarra in the B.M. (N.H.) has failed to confirm all his findings ; certainly the origins of veins 6 and 7 are closer together than those of Nacaduba, but the termination of 7, and the courses of II and 12, scarcely differ from their counterparts in that genus. Nevertheless, the name Paraduba should be retained for the three species owgarra, metriodes and siwiensis, all of which show close affinity with one another in the male genitalic structure, namely the simple clavate densely-haired claspers, and the strongly cornute aedeagi (see Text-figs.).
Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker (PI. 2, figs. 12-13. Text-figs. 64 and 67) Paraduba owgarra Bethune-Baker, 1906 : 104, Brit. New Guinea, Owgarra (Type !).
A series of some 30 males and a solitary female are in the B.M. (N.H.) and come from Owgarra, Aroa River, Mambare River and Angabunga River, all in British New Guinea.
98
G. E. TITE
68
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA 99
The hitherto unknown female can be described as follows. In shape it is like the male, but the wings are rather broader. The fringes are brown with the exception of a white portion — extending from vein 4 to just below the apex on the hind wing. The fore wing is dingy brown above, with a strong intermixture of blue scales at the base of area i, and a similar intermixture of more whitish scales at the bases of areas 2 and 3. On the dingy brown hind wing, a scattering of blue scales fills the cell, and spreads outwards to the bases of all areas from i to 6. The underside only differs from that of the male in the more whitish ground colour of its fore wing.
Neallotype $, BRITISH NEW GUINEA : Angabunga River, 6,000 ft., xi-ii . 1904-05 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16597.
Paraduba metriodes (Bethune-Baker) (i) P. metriodes metriodes (Bethune-Baker) (PI. 2, figs. 14-15. Text-figs. 65 and 74)
Nacaduba metriodes Bethune-Baker, 1911 : 452 British New Guinea, Dinawa (Type !). Nacaduba proximo, Rothschild ; Joicey & Talbot, $, 1916 : 79, Wandammen Mts. (Neallotype !).
A series in the B.M. (N.H.) come from British New Guinea and Humbolt Bay, Wandammen Mts., Fak Fak, Kapaur, Arfak Mts., Geelvink Bay, in Dutch New Guinea.
The insect referred to by Joicey & Talbot as the female of proxima Rothschild is an aberrant male metriodes metriodes with a wide dark margin ; its sex has been confirmed by dissection.
(ii) P. metriodes proxima (Rothschild) comb. n.
(PI. 2, figs. 16-18) Nacaduba proxima Rothschild, 1915 : 29, Utakwa R. (Type !).
Represented in the B.M. (N.H.) by a series of 24 males and one female, all are from the Setekwa and Utakwa Rivers in the Snow Mountains, Dutch New Guinea.
On the upperside the males are identical with those of the nominate subspecies, but the darker underside, with bolder and whiter reticulations, make this a quite distinctive race.
The female — so far undescribed— is pale grey-blue above ; which colour gradually merges with the wide fuscous-brown costal margin, and with the even wider distal margin on all wings. The hind wing series of black submarginal spots are bordered outwardly by a series of inter- neural white lines, and inwardly by a series of pale lunules. The underside is like that of the male.
FIGS. 46-52. £, clasper : 46, Prosotas aluta coelestis ; 47, Pr. nelides ; 48, Pr. nora ardates ;
49, Pr. atra ; 50, Pr. talesea ; 51, Pr. papuana ; 52, Pr. felderi. FIG. 53. $, aedeagus, Prosotas dubiosa indica. FIGS. 54-60. <$, clasper : 54, Prosotas dubiosa indica ; 55, Pr. pia pia ; 56, Pr. ella ; 57, Pr.
bhutea ; 58, Pr. datarica ; 59, Pr. gracilis ni ; 60, Pr. elsa. Fig. 61. <J, aedeagus : Prosotas elsa. FIGS. 62-66 (J, clasper: 62, Prosotas noreia ; 63, Pr. caliginosa ; 64, Paraduba owgarra ;
65, Pa. metrioides ; 66, Pa. siwiensis. FIG. 67. cJ, aedeagus : Paraduba owgarra.
FIGS. 68-69. 3, androconia : 68, lonolyce helicon ; 69, I. brunnescens. Fig. 70. <$, aedeagus : lonolyce helicon. FIG. 71. <$, clasper : lonolyce brunnescens. FIGS. 72-74. cj, aedeagus: 72, lonolyce brunnescens; 73, Paraduba siwiensis; 74., Pa. metrioides.
G. E. TITE
Neallotype $, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Snow Mts., Upp. Setekwa R., 2-3,000 ft. (A.S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16598.
Paraduba siwiensis sp. n.
(PI. 2, fig. 19. Text-figs. 66 and 73)
The colour above, and the shape, are similar to those of owgarra, but the dusky margins are much narrower. On the underside, the general pattern is like that of metriodes, except that the median spots on the fore wing tend to become confluent, and are proportionately wider, especially those on the hind wing. The tornal spot is enclosed inwardly by a very red prominent lunule. The male clasper is stouter and more club-like than that of either of the two preceding species. Only males are known.
Holotype <£, DUTCH NEW GUINEA : Arfak Mts., Mt. Siwi, 800 m., 1928 (Dr. E. Mayr), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16599.
Other material. As holotype, n £ ; Dutch New Guinea, Ninay Valley, 3,500 ft., 1908-09 (A. E. Pratt), 3 <£.
IONOLYCE Toxopeus
lonolyce Toxopeus, 1929 : 236. Type-species : Lycaena helicon Felder.
Apparently the author had intended publishing a diagnosis of this genus in Treubia, for in the original publication he gives " lonolyce Tox. i.l. (Treubia, 1929 ?) ". No description has been traced in this or any other publication. He used the name only for Lycaena helicon Felder, and as a monotypical genus the name is valid. The neuration of helicon shows little deviation from the usual Nacaduba pattern ; the anastomosed portion of veins n and 12 is longer, and the free end of 12 is very weak. A more definite character is exhibited by the androconia ; whereas in many Lycaenids, the ribs on these scales are composed of parallel series of closely placed nodules, those of lonolyce are ribbon-like, with some nodular irregularities, chiefly in the upper third of the scale. The aedeagus is remarkable for the large spine-like cornuti attached to the vesica.
lonolyce helicon (Felder)
The pointed apex of the fore wing, the obtuse angle at the end of vein 3 of the hind wing, and the dark purple colouring of the male, combine to make this species easy to identify.
(i) /. helicon viola (Moore) Lampides viola Moore, 1877 : 340, Ceylon (Type !).
(ii) /. helicon merguiana (Moore) Lycaenesthes merguiana Moore, 1884 : 23, Mergui (Type !).
(iii) I. helicon brunnea (Evans) Nacaduba helicon brunnea Evans, 1932 : 241, Andamans (Type !).
(iv) /. helicon kondulana (Evans) Nacaduba helicon kondulana Evans, 1932 : 241, S, Nicobars, Kondul (Type !).
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NACADUBA ror
(v) /. helicon javanica Toxopeus lonolvce helicon javanica Toxopeus, 1929 : 236, Java.
(vi) I. helicon helicon (Felder)
(Text-figs. 68 and 70)
Lycaena helicon Felder, 1860 : 457, Amboina (Type !). Plebeius unicolor Rober, 1886 : 66, pi. 5, fig. 4, Ceram, Key, and E. Celebes.
(vii) /. helicon hyllus (Waterhouse & Lyell) comb. n. Nacaduba hermus hyllus Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 97, figs. 349-351, Cape York.
(viii) /. helicon caracalla (Waterhouse & Lyell) comb. n. Nacaduba caracalla Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 : 95, fig. 854, Darnley Island.
This is almost certainly the name for the New Guinea race of helicon ; the description agrees well with the specimens from that island. Waterhouse's figure is reproduced from a painting, and depicts the upper and undersides of the male. The upperside is a good representation of helicon, showing the dark purple colour, the pointed fore wing, and the characteristic obtuse angle in the hind wing margin. The figure of the underside is not so accurate ; the median band on the fore wing is too straight, and the general pattern is altogether too vague. However, examina- tion of the figures of Nacaduba cela and N. ios, on the same plate, reveals similar inaccuracies in each case, obviously these figures cannot be taken at face value. In distinct contrast to all the other races, the female has a large white area in the middle of the fore wing above, recalling that of female Erysichton lineata.
Distribution. Waigeu, Mysol, New Guinea, New Britain and New Ireland.
lonolyce brunnescens sp. n.
(PI. 2, figs. 1-4. Text-figs. 69, 71 and 72)
The apex of the fore wing is less produced than that of helicon, and the distal margin of the hind wing is not angled at vein three. Different conditions of light refraction produce a gloss of either purple or green on the brownish upperside. In the female, a large blue fascia on the fore wing occupies the basal halves of areas ib to 3, and a small part of the base of area 4 ; the portion of this fascia above vein 2 takes on an almost chalky tone ; in other respects the upperside is like that of female helicon. Beneath in the male, the submarginal spots are clearly ringed with white, and the adjoining dark lunules are followed on the hind wing by a broad white band, which fills the region between them and the median spots ; there is no trace of orange or yellow in the tornal area. The female underside is like that of the male, but the white band is continued on the fore wing, although there it is somewhat marred by brown smudges between the veins. The fore wing measures 15-16 mm. in both sexes. In contrast to the preceding species, the androconia are long, narrow, and leaf-like in shape ; they have only five ribbon-like ribs. The genitalia differ by the great length of the ventral spine on the valve, the conical lobe on the distal margin of that organ, and by the great sixe, and smaller number of cornuti oil the vesica.
Holotype $, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Isabel I., vi-vii.igoi (A. S. Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16600.
Allotype <j>, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Guizo I., xi.igoa (A. 5. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16601.
Other material. As holotype, I $.
102 G. E. TITE
ERYSICHTON Fruhstorfer
Nacaduba artengruppe Erysichton Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137 [as subgenus, Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 107]. Type-species : Lycaena lineata Murray. (By present designation.)
Fruhstorfer used this name to distinguish those species of the group that do not possess falces on the uncus ; he included under this head Nacaduba palmyra Felder with many subspecies, together with references to the original descriptions, N. fatureus Rober and N. hyperesia Fruhstorfer. His descriptions and genitalia figures make it clear that he was mistaken in his identifications ; his palmyra palmyra is not the insect described by Felder, but is conspecific with L. lineata Murray, while his hyperesia is in fact the true palmyra Felder. Lycaena lineata is treated by Fruhstorfer (1916 : 139) as a subspecies of palmyra. As Erysichton is here used as a genus, and to avoid confusion, I hereby select Lycaena lineata Murray as the type of the genus.
Erysichton lineata (Murray)
All races of this species can be at once distinguished from those of E. palmyra by their unspotted fringes, the paler grey-blue colour of the males, and in both sexes by the absence of the whitish submarginal areas so characteristic of Felder's species on the underside. The androconia are very distinctive ; they are long and narrow, shaped rather like a paddle with a blade at each end, similar to those of Petrelaea dana, but quite twice as large.
(i) E. lineata cythora (Fruhstorfer) comb. n.
Nacaduba palmyra cythora Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137, Batjan (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba palmyra eugenea Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 137, Obi (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba valentina Grose Smith, 1895 : 5°8, Amboina (<j> nee. $}, (Allotype !), syn. n.
Darker on the under surface than Papuan lineata ; the males being a rich sooty brown. The white patch on the fore wing of the female is restricted.
The series from Batjan and Obi do not differ externally, and as far as can be seen from the few examples available, neither do specimens from Ceram, Amboina and Tenimber.
Distribution. Batjan, Obi, Ceram, Amboina, Buru and Tenimber.
(ii) E. lineata meiranganus (Rober) comb. n. Plebeius meiranganus Rober, 1886 : 65, Aru. Plebeius fatureus Rober, 1886 : 66, Aru, syn. n.
Nacaduba palmyra vaneeckei Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 138, Snow Mts. (Type !), syn. n. Nacaduba palmyra thadmor Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 138, New Guinea, Vulcan, Dampier, syn. n.
Distribution. Aru, Key, New Guinea, Dampier, Vulcan and Admiralty Is.
(iii) E. lineata insularis ssp. n.
The upperside in both sexes does not differ materially from that of the foregoing race, but the tornal orange lunule on the underside of the hind wing is always larger, and is often more than twice the width of that of the New Guinea insect. The white markings in the disc and the submarginal region of the underside in the female are purer brighter white, making the whole pattern stand out more clearly than in any other race.
Holotype <$, LOUISIADE ARCHIPELAGO : Sudest I., Mt. Riu, 2,000 ft, vi.i9i6 (Eichhorn Bros.}, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16603.
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS NAG A DUB A 103
Allotype $ as holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16603.
Distribution. Trobriand Islands, D'Entrecasteau and Louisiade Archipelagos.
(iv) E. lineata ulmnsis (Ribbe) comb. n. Nacaduba meiranganus var. uluensis Ribbe, 1899 : 230, pi. 4, fig. 6, Neu Pommern.
Compared with the preceding races, the male is of a purer grey-blue tone above. The female has all the dark portions of the wings of a more greyish hue, the white area on the fore wing is restricted as is that of cythora, and the basal blue on the hind wing extends well beyond the end of the cell before merging into the grey distal area. Beneath in both sexes, the orange tornal lunule is small like that of meiranganus .
Distribution. New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, French Islands, St. Matthias and Squally Islands.
(v) E. lineata vincula (Druce) comb. n. Nacaduba vincula Druce, 1891 : 363, pi. 31, fig. 18, Solomons (Type !).
Recognizable in the male by the very wide median band on the fore wing beneath, and in the female by the small white areas of the fore wing on the upperside, and the reduction of the basal blue on all wings, which gives the insect a rather drab appearance.
Distribution. Solomon Islands : Guadalcanar, Guizo, San Christobal, New Georgia, Bougainville, Isobel, Gela, Kulambranga and Fauro.
(vi) E. lineata lineata (Murray) stat. n.
(Text-figs. 76, 77, 84, 85) Lycaena lineata Murray, 1874 : 524, pi. 10, fig. 9, Queensland.
The female has a bigger white patch on the fore wing than in any other race. Distribution. Queensland.
Erysichton palmyra (Felder).
The androconia are of the normal battledore shape, and have 16 to 17 ribs. The male claspers are short, oval in shape, and furnished at the apex with an inwardly directed point.
(i) E. palmyra tasmanicus (Miskin) stat. n. Lycaena tasmanicus Miskin, 1890 : 40, Tasmania (sic.). Lycaena elaborata Lucas, 1900 : 137, Brisbane, syn. n.
The underside in both sexes is warm reddish brown. A series of nine males from Tenimber also exhibit this character.
Distribution. Queensland, Tenimber.
(ii) E, palmyra palmyra (Felder) (Text-figs. 75 and 83)
Lycaena palmyra Felder, 1860 : 458, Amboina (Type !).
Nacaduba valentina Grose Smith, 1895 : 508, Amboina ($ nee. $), (Type !), syn. n.
Nacaduba poecilta Holland, 1900 : 74, Buru, syn. n.
Nacaduba hyperesia Fruhstorfer, 1916 : 139, Obi (Type !).
The sooty brown underside in the male readily distinguishes this from the Australian race. Only three females (from Ceram) are available ; they are pale grey beneath, with a much more regular arrangement of the dark banding.
Distribution. Amboina, Ceram, Batchian, Obi, Mefor I. and Biak.
104 G- K. TITE
(Hi) E. palmyra coelia (Grose Smith)
Nacaduba coelia Grose Smith, 1894 : 573, Humbolt Bay (Type !). Nacaduba subvariegata Rothschild, 1915 : 392, Vulcan I. (Type !), syn. n.
In the male fore wing above, the marginal band is much wider than in the other races ; it increases in width towards the apex, where it attains a width of from 2 to 3 mm. Beneath, the general appearance is like that of the nominate race, but the distal area in all wings is more extensively washed with white. The female is similar to that sex of the nominate race, but its underside markings are darker.
Distribution. Aru, Waigeu and New Guinea.
(iv) E. palmyra clara ssp. n. (PI. 2, figs. 20-21)
The male is larger than that of any other race ; it measures 17 mm. from base to apex of the fore wing. Above, the colour is clear grey-blue, clearer and brighter than in p. palmyra, and the fringes are only lightly checkered at the vein ends. Beneath, very dark blackish brown, it is without any whitish washing in the distal area.
Holotype <^, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO: New Britain, Talesea, ^.1925 (A. F. Eichhorn], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16604.
(v) E. palmyra lateplaga ssp. n.
(PI. 2, fig. 22)
Two male specimens from the Solomon Islands suggest a parallel development with E. lineata vincula, also from that area. Like that insect, they display on the underside a marked widening of the median band, a greater development of the orange tornal lunule on the hind wing, and a less produced, less acute apex of the fore wing, than is found in the other races. As far as can be ascertained from the rather tattered material, the colour above, and the fringes, are like those of the nominate race. Beneath, as well as the differences mentioned, the distal whitening is reduced to the edging of the submarginal spots and lunules.
Holotype <$, SOLOMON ISLANDS : Florida I., i.igoi (Meek], B.M. Type No. Rh. 16605.
Other material. Rubiana I., i £.
Erysichton albiplaga sp. n.
(PI. 2, figs. 5-8)
Genitalically no difference can be found between this species and E. palmyra, but in view of the great divergence in external characters it is deemed advisable to treat them as distinct species.
The male is similar in shape to palmyra ; its upperside is blue-lavender of sufficient trans- parency to allow the white transverse band on the underside to show through on all wings. On the secondaries, a double black submarginal spot in cellule i is followed inwardly by a dusky patch ; there is a larger single spot in cellule 2, and indications of submarginal spots appear faintly in all cellules to the apex ; these spots are bordered outwardly by pale interneural lines. All wings are bordered by a fine dark marginal line. The female is shining blue at the base of all wings ; this colour extends on the fore wing over the lower half of the discoidal cell, just reaches the base of area 2, and covers the basal £ of area i. On the hind wing, its clearly defined outer edge runs in an almost straight line from the costa, through the points of origin of veins 7 and 2, to the hind margin. Then follows a broad white band, reaching from area 5 on the fore wing to the hind margin on the hind wing. On the fore wing, a black costal
A SYNONYMIC LIST OF THE GENUS N AC A DUB A 105
band extends into the upper half of the cell, and to the apex, where it meets a wide marginal band of at least 4 mm. A similar marginal band on the hind wing is suffused inwardly with whitish blue scales where it meets the distal edge of the white band. Blue encircled dark spots appear in areas i to 3, and are faintly indicated in areas 4 to 6. The fringes in both sexes are white, checkered with fuscous at the vein-ends. Beneath the male is sooty brown, prominently marked with a wide white transverse band, which extends from just below the fore wing costa to the hind margin on the hind wing ; it is 3 mm. at its greatest width, but tapers towards both extremities. Two undulating fine white lines traverse the cell of the fore wing ; the outer line is continued across both wings. A more definite whitish line borders the inner edge of the discoidal lunule. Beyond the broad white band is a median band of spots, darker than the ground, and finely outlined with white on their convex distal edges. A series of submarginal spots is bordered internally by a corresponding series of heavy dark lunules ; both series are finely margined with white. The tornal spot on the hind wing is black, flecked with metallic green scales, and narrowly edged inwardly with golden yellow. The spot in cellule one is similar but smaller. The fringes are spotted as on the upperside. In the female, the pattern is basically the same, but the white band extends to 5 mm.
Holotype J, BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO: New Hanover, ii-iii . 1923 (A. S. Meek), B.M. Type No. Rh. 16606.
Allotype ?, as Holotype, B.M. Type No. Rh. 16607.
CATOPYROPS Toxopeus
Catopyrops Toxopeus, 1930 : 146. Type-species : Lycaena ancyra Felder.
Toxopeus included rita Grose Smith suidflorinda Butler, as subspecies of ancyra. Eliot 1956 : 37 pointed out the specific distinctness of rita, and there can be no doubt that florinda, with its subspecies estrella Waterhouse, and the new subspecies described below, constitute a third species. Reference to the genitalia figures should be sufficient to substantiate this. C. keiria Druce and C. kokopona Ribbe both exhibit divergent genitalia, and it is with some hesitation that they are included in the genus.